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Design, Fabrication And Performance Evaluation Of Pedal Operated Groundnut Decorticator
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Physical Properties of Groundnut
The physical properties of groundnuts, namely size, angle of repose, co-efficient of friction, bulk density, weight, moisture content and shape were determined. The angle of repose for the three varieties of groundnuts investigated ICGV, RM.9 and RM – 12 average 28.5; 20.50 and 34.50 for the pods, seeds and shells, respectively, while the coefficient of friction of the pods, seeds and shells were found to be 7.4%, 6.4% and 11.3% on the average, respectively. These physical properties determine the dimensions of machine parts such as hoper, mattering unit, shelling drum, concave and separating sieves and the angles of inclination and clearances, of these parts in relation to one another. The choice of construction materials for different machine parts and the computation of power requirement of the machine in view of the desired throughout capacity also depend on a working knowledge of the physical properties.
To avoid breaking and crushing the seeds during the pod shelling operation and thereby reducing the quality and causing seed losses, there is need to characterize the pods in terms of these physical properties before designing the shelling machine (Maduako and Hamman 2004)
2.1.1 Determination of Size
Size and Shape
Size is an important physical attribute of foods used in screening solids to separate foreign materials, grading of fruit and vegetables, and evaluating the quality of food materials.
Size can be determined using the projected area method. In this method, three characteristic dimensions are defined.
1. Major diameter, which is the longest dimension of the maximum projected area
2. Intermediate diameter, which is the minimum diameter of the maximum projected area or the maximum diameter of the minimum projected area and
3. Minor diameter which is the shortest dimension of the minimum projected area.
Resch & Daubert, (2001)
Density of a material is the amount of that material occupying a certain space and is expressed in units of mass per unit volume. Materials consisting of particles or grain with interstitial air spaces have different values of particles density and bulk density. (Suter and Brusewiz, (2005)
2.1.2 Determination of Coefficient of Friction
The coefficient of friction of pods, seed and shells were determined on plywood, plastic and galvanized steel surfaces using a tilting table. The angle of inclination of thee table to the horizontal at which samples started sliding was measured with the protractor attached beside the incline plane apparatus. Measurements were replicated five times for each sample. The tangent of the angle was the coefficient of friction.
2.1.3 Determination of Moisture Content
This is the amount of water that is present or contained in an agricultural material. There are two methods in designating the moisture contents.
- Wet basis; wet matter component
- Dry basis; Dry matter component
Moisture content
= total weight of material
= Weight of wet material
= Weight of dry material
% Moisture content (Chakraverty, 2004)
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTShelling of groundnut pods (Arachis hypegea) by hand is tedious, laborious and unhygienic with low efficiencies. As a result farmer get low income due to amount of broken kernels and a lot of time is lost in the tedious shelling operation. To overcome this problem, pertinent parameters that influence shelling efficiency of pedal operated groundnut decorticator were identified. Pedal operated decorticator were designed and fabricated with chain and sprocket of bicycle and aluminum spike t ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 3 ] ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX B - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]S.E= ("H" )/"A" "×100%" = "549" /"1000" "×100%" = 55% At 1500g S.E= ("H" )/"A" "×100%" = "808" /"1500" "×100%" = 54%Percentage of breakage Broken Efficiency (%) B.E= ("E" )/"A" "×100%" Where B.E is broken efficiency (%) E= Weight of broken groundnut seed (g) A= Weight of groundnut seed fed in to hopper (g) Broken Efficiency for Operator (I) At 500g B.E= "E " /"A" ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable No Table 3.1: BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION (BEME) Table 3.1: Sample Preparation Table 4.1 Data Sheet for Physical Properties of Groundnut Pods Table 4.2 Data Sheet for Output Parameters Table 4.3 Data Sheet for Output Table 4.4 Average Performance of Thresher ... Continue reading---
LIST OF PLATES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF PLATESPlate No Plate 2.1: Groundnut Pod Plate 3.1: Sample of Groundnut Seed Plate 3.2: Determination of Coefficient of Static Friction and Angle of Repose Plate 3.3: Pedal Operated Groundnut Decorticator Plate 3.3: Digital Venier Caliper Plate 3.4: Digital Weighing Scale Plate 3.5: Digital Stop Watch Scale Plate 3.6: Electric Oven Plate 3.7: Tachometer ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFigure No Figure 2.1: Maize Sheller Figure 2.2: Hand Maize Sheller Figure 2.3: Groundnut Thresher Figure 2.4: Manual Operated Groundnut Decorticator (Oscillating Type) Figure 2.5 Power Operated Groundnut Decorticator ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSCover Page Title Page Certification Dedication Acknowledgements Abstract Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study 1.2 Statement of the Problems 1.3 Objective of the Project 1.4 Justification of the Project 1.5 Scope of the Study CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Physical Properties of Groundnut 2.1.1 Determination of Size 2.1.2 Determi ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background to the StudyGroundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the legume or beans family (Ashish and Handa, 2014; Atiku et al., 2014). It was first cultivated in Peru. Its seed contain about 63% carbohydrate, 19% protein and 6.5% oil. Groundnuts are grown in tropical and subtropical climate regions and warmer parts of temperature regions and it is low growing annual plant and has a variety of uses. Prior to its usage however groundnut need to undergo pr ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 12 ]Therefore, minimum energy required to shell a groundnut kernel = 2.84Kg/ms.Power Requirement From, P = (2л NT)/60 (Khurmi et al2005.;) (3.6)WhereР= Power N = Seed (rpm) T = Applied torqueAlso, T = F rWhere F = Force exerted r = Radius of force exertedP = "2 л NT" /"60" P ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION4.1 ResultsThe raw data for physical properties is as presented in Appendix A while the summary of the results is as presented in table 4.1.The raw data obtained from the experiment is as reported in Appendix B and the means values of the results is as presented in table 4.2. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS5.1 Conclusions The following conclusion can be drawn from the performance carried out on groundnut decorticator. 1. The lower the knuckle length of the operator the higher the threshing efficiency of the operator. 2. The lower the weight of the operator the higher the throughput capacity of the machine.3. The average performance of the thresher at average operating speed of 245.4pm are threshing efficiency 56%, unthreshe ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESAdewunmi, T. (2000) Performance Evaluation of a Locally Developed Maize Sheller with Husking and Winnowing Capacity Proceeding of the NIAE. Pp. 68-73.Afosie, V.N., Akinhanm, T.F. and Ojiodu, C.C. (2009) Proximate Analysis and Physio-Chemical Properties of Groundnut.Ashish S. Raghtafe and Dr. C. C. Handa (2014): “Design consideration of Groundnut Sheller machineâ€. Department of Mechanical Engineering, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpu. International Journal of Innovative R ... Continue reading---
