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Design, Fabrication And Performance Evaluation Of Pedal Operated Groundnut Decorticator
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2.5 Economic Importance of Groundnut Seed
Groundnut, also known as peanut, is an important oil, food, and feed legume crop grown in over 100 countries. It covered 24million hare a worldwide with a total production of 38milliontons in 2010 (FAOSTAT, 2010). In the last decade (2000–2010),the global ground nut production increased marginally. The global annual increase in production was 0.4% which was due to both, an annual increase in yield by 0.1% and in area by 0.3% (Figure1). The projected demand of groundnut in Asia alone by 2020 is expected to be 1.6 times more than the level of production in 2000 (Birthal et al., 2010). If the projected demands have to be met, the productivity and production of the crop has to increase at a much higher growth rate than the present one. Asia and Africa account for 95% of global groundnut area where it is cultivated under rain fed conditions with low in puts by resource poor farmers. Groundnut is a cash crop providing income and livelihoods to the farmer. It also contributes to nutrition of farm families through consumption of energy and protein rich groundnut kernels and provides nutritious fodder (haulms) to live stock. Thus groundnut cultivation contributes to the sustainability to mixed crop-livestock production systems, the most predominant system of the semi-arid areas. Groundnut is valued as a rich source of energy contributed by oil (48–50%) and protein (25–28%)in the kernels. They provide 564 kcal of energy from 100g of kernels (Jambunathan, 2001). In addition, the groundnut kernels contain many health enhancing nutrients such as minerals, antioxidants, and vitamins and are rich in mono-unsaturated fatty acids. They contain antioxidants like p-coumaric acid and resveratrol, Vitamin E, and many important B-complex groups of thiamin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B-6, folates, and niacin. Groundnut is a dietary source of biologically active polyphenols, flavonoids, and is of lavones. As they are highly nutritious, groundnut and products based on groundnut can be promoted as nutritional foods to fight energy, protein, and micronutrient malnutrition among the poor. Groundnut-based www.frontiersin.org February2013 | Volume4 | Article 23 | 1Janila et al. Groundnut: genetic and genomic tools Plumpy’nut1, a ready to use therapeutic food, has helped save the lives of thousands of malnourished children in Niger (UNICEF, 2007). Over 60% of global groundnut production is crushed for extraction of oil for edible and industrial uses, while 40% is consumed in food uses and others (such as seed for sowing the next season crop; Birthaletal.,2010). Groundnut oil is an excellent cooking medium because of its high smoking point (Singh and Diwakar, 2003). India, China, Myanmar, and Vietnam use ground- nut oil for cooking purpose extensively. The cake obtained after extraction of oil is used in animal feed industry, in preparing enriched easily digestible food for children and aged persons, and as soil amendment. In Europe and North and South America about 75% of the production is used as food, whileonly35%isusedfor the same purpose in Asia (Birthal et al., 2010). Peanut butter is the most popular groundnut product in the USA, Canada, and Australia. Groundnut seed can be consumed raw (non-heated), boiled, and roasted and also used to make confections and its flour to make baked products. The groundnut shells are used for making particle board so used as fuel or filler in fertilizer and feed industry. Groundnut haulms constitute nutritious fodder for livestock. They contain protein (8–15%), lipids (1–3%), minerals (9–17%), and carbohydrate (38–45%) at levels higher than cereal fodder. The digestibility of nutrients in groundnut haulm is around 53% and that of crude protein 88% when fed to cattle. Haulms release energy up to 2337 calkg−1 of dry matter. Being a legume crop, groundnut helps in improving soil health and fertility by leaving behind N2 and organic matter in the soil.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTShelling of groundnut pods (Arachis hypegea) by hand is tedious, laborious and unhygienic with low efficiencies. As a result farmer get low income due to amount of broken kernels and a lot of time is lost in the tedious shelling operation. To overcome this problem, pertinent parameters that influence shelling efficiency of pedal operated groundnut decorticator were identified. Pedal operated decorticator were designed and fabricated with chain and sprocket of bicycle and aluminum spike t ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 3 ] ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX B - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]S.E= ("H" )/"A" "×100%" = "549" /"1000" "×100%" = 55% At 1500g S.E= ("H" )/"A" "×100%" = "808" /"1500" "×100%" = 54%Percentage of breakage Broken Efficiency (%) B.E= ("E" )/"A" "×100%" Where B.E is broken efficiency (%) E= Weight of broken groundnut seed (g) A= Weight of groundnut seed fed in to hopper (g) Broken Efficiency for Operator (I) At 500g B.E= "E " /"A" ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable No Table 3.1: BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION (BEME) Table 3.1: Sample Preparation Table 4.1 Data Sheet for Physical Properties of Groundnut Pods Table 4.2 Data Sheet for Output Parameters Table 4.3 Data Sheet for Output Table 4.4 Average Performance of Thresher ... Continue reading---
LIST OF PLATES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF PLATESPlate No Plate 2.1: Groundnut Pod Plate 3.1: Sample of Groundnut Seed Plate 3.2: Determination of Coefficient of Static Friction and Angle of Repose Plate 3.3: Pedal Operated Groundnut Decorticator Plate 3.3: Digital Venier Caliper Plate 3.4: Digital Weighing Scale Plate 3.5: Digital Stop Watch Scale Plate 3.6: Electric Oven Plate 3.7: Tachometer ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFigure No Figure 2.1: Maize Sheller Figure 2.2: Hand Maize Sheller Figure 2.3: Groundnut Thresher Figure 2.4: Manual Operated Groundnut Decorticator (Oscillating Type) Figure 2.5 Power Operated Groundnut Decorticator ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSCover Page Title Page Certification Dedication Acknowledgements Abstract Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study 1.2 Statement of the Problems 1.3 Objective of the Project 1.4 Justification of the Project 1.5 Scope of the Study CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Physical Properties of Groundnut 2.1.1 Determination of Size 2.1.2 Determi ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background to the StudyGroundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the legume or beans family (Ashish and Handa, 2014; Atiku et al., 2014). It was first cultivated in Peru. Its seed contain about 63% carbohydrate, 19% protein and 6.5% oil. Groundnuts are grown in tropical and subtropical climate regions and warmer parts of temperature regions and it is low growing annual plant and has a variety of uses. Prior to its usage however groundnut need to undergo pr ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 12 ]Therefore, minimum energy required to shell a groundnut kernel = 2.84Kg/ms.Power Requirement From, P = (2л NT)/60 (Khurmi et al2005.;) (3.6)WhereР= Power N = Seed (rpm) T = Applied torqueAlso, T = F rWhere F = Force exerted r = Radius of force exertedP = "2 л NT" /"60" P ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION4.1 ResultsThe raw data for physical properties is as presented in Appendix A while the summary of the results is as presented in table 4.1.The raw data obtained from the experiment is as reported in Appendix B and the means values of the results is as presented in table 4.2. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS5.1 Conclusions The following conclusion can be drawn from the performance carried out on groundnut decorticator. 1. The lower the knuckle length of the operator the higher the threshing efficiency of the operator. 2. The lower the weight of the operator the higher the throughput capacity of the machine.3. The average performance of the thresher at average operating speed of 245.4pm are threshing efficiency 56%, unthreshe ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESAdewunmi, T. (2000) Performance Evaluation of a Locally Developed Maize Sheller with Husking and Winnowing Capacity Proceeding of the NIAE. Pp. 68-73.Afosie, V.N., Akinhanm, T.F. and Ojiodu, C.C. (2009) Proximate Analysis and Physio-Chemical Properties of Groundnut.Ashish S. Raghtafe and Dr. C. C. Handa (2014): “Design consideration of Groundnut Sheller machineâ€. Department of Mechanical Engineering, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpu. International Journal of Innovative R ... Continue reading---
