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Development And Performance Evaluation Of Rice Destoning Machine
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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Rice (Oryza sativa) is a cereal belonging to the Gramineae, a large monocotyledonous family of some 600 genera and around 10,000 species (Wibberley, 1989). It is valued as the most important staple food for over half of the world population (International Year of Rice, 2004) and ranks third after wheat and maize in production on world basis. More than half of the world’s population depends on rice as the major source of calories (FAO, 2003).The amount consumed by all these people ranged from100kg to 240kg per annum in the year 2000 alone (FAO,2003). Twospecies have emerged as our most popular cultivated rice,Oryza sativaand Oryzaglaberrima; of these two species the more widely produced is Oryza sativa.
Rice is cultivated in almost all part of the globe including Nigeria. By 2015, it has been estimated that over three-fifth of the world population will depend on rice as their staple food (Echiegu, 2009). Rice is one of the staple foods in Nigeria and it is cherished by almost all the ethnic groups and it is prepare into various delicacies. For instance, in the northern part of Nigeria, rice can be milled and used for flour and also molded and fried into cakes. Large acres of plantation can be found in these areas, Lafia (northern Nigeria), Beneu state (Middle Belt), Osun state (Western Nigeria), Abakaliki (Eastern Nigeria) and several other places.
In Nigeria, rice consumption has risen tremendously at about 10% per annum due to changing consumer preference (Akande, 2003). However, (Ebuehi and Oyewole, 2007) discovered that most Nigerians prefer to consume imported rice brands as compared to local rice varieties. The reason is that most Nigerian rice processors lack adequate technology of rice processing to meet international standard. It is valued as the most important staple food for over half of the worldpopulation (International Year of Rice,2004) and ranks third after wheat and maize inproduction on world basis. More than half of the world’spopulation depends on rice as the major source of calories(FAO, 2003). The amount consumed by all these people ranged from100kg to 240kg per annum in the year 2000 alone (FAO,2003). Twospecies have emerged as our most popular cultivated rice,Oryza sativaand Oryzaglaberrima; of these two species themore widely produced is Oryzasativa.
In Nigeria, rice consumption has risen tremendously atabout 10% per annum due to changing consumer preferences (Akande, 2003). However, Ebuehi and Oyewole (2007) discovered that most Nigerians prefer toconsume imported rice brands as compared to local ricevarieties. The reasonis that most Nigerian rice processors lackadequate technology of rice processing to meet internationalstandard. It is one of the most important staple crops in Nigeria, and local production of the commodity has increased several folds in the last 4 decades. Despite the increasing trend in local production, Nigeria is still a net importer of rice. In the local markets there is a greater consumer preference for imported rice compared to the locally produced commodity because of some quality issues associated with the local rice. Presence of stones in locally processed.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTA motorized rice de-stoning machine was designed, fabricated and evaluated for performance. The traditional method of rice de-stoning machine characterized with a lot of deficiency in terms local rice containing smaller stones during de-stoning operation. A lot of energy is expended in solving the problem of operation. The rice de-stoning consists of the following part: Hopper, Vibrating Sieve, Machine Frame, Pulley, Eccentric Shaft, and Blower. The factors investigated were feed rate (5 ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX A ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX B - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX B ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle page Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of content CHAPTER ONE1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Aim and Objective of the project 1.3 Justification of the project 1.4 Scope of the project CHAPTER TWO2. LITTERATEUR REVIEW 2.1 De-stoning of rice 2.2 Rice production in Nigeria 2.3 Rice processing 2.4 Traditiona ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 5 ] ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 9 ]Where, D = maximum diameter of rice grain size (2.3mm); and Câ‚’ = coefficient of opening (3.5). Therefore, d = 1.9mm. Motor power, = 0.37KW Motor speed, = 1400rpm The velocity of the motor, ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER FOURRESULTS AND DISCUSSION4.1 Results The results of the experimental raw data of physical properties of the three varieties of the rice selected (Bokola, Kodoqiche, AlhajiA’aba (Orizaglaberrima) where presented in appendix A. The raw data obtained from the rice de-stoner is as shown in appendix B. The average values of physical propertiesobtained from the three varieties is as presented in table 4.1. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVECONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 ConclusionThe development and performance evaluation of a rice destining machine was successfully carried out with this work with average impurity level attained as 7.8, average rice separation efficiency as 81.0%, average stone efficiency as 77.3% and the average tray loss as 14.8%. The machine was tested and found partially capable of de-stoning rice due to losses during the testing.5.2 RecommendationsThe rice de-stoning machine designed ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESAdewumi, B. A. (1996). Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rice Varieties. Applied Tropical Agriculture,1,24-28.Agric News, Rice is Life. International Year of Rice, 2004Declaration,vol. 1, no. 2,Bayelsa State Ministry of Agriculture &Natural Resources,2003.Akande T. The Rice Sector in Nigeria, United Nation Crop Project (UNCP) Country Agricultural Project on Trade Liberalization in Agricultural Sector and the Environment, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003.Basorun J. O. “Expository ana ... Continue reading---
