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Development, Fabrication And Performance Evaluation Of A Single Wheel Driven Boom Sprayer
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2.4 Calibration and Operation
(FAO 1998) Before selecting the sprayer to use, check the label and the IPM guide lines for the particular pesticide that will be applied. These give the recommended application rate, the types of equipment best suited for the application, the style of nozzles and other information for best results. Based on the type of crop and its size. Select the sprayer that will give a good balance between droplet and coverage.
Calibrating sprayers is important to get good control without applying excess material. Low-volume sprayers can provide more uniform coverage with less spray material. Where applicable, most labels have recommendations for low- volume equipment.
When making a tank mix, both the dosage and water requirement need to be considered. The dosage, the amount of chemical that should be applied to a given area, is listed on the label of most pesticides, a range such as 4-12 02 per 100 gal is given, selection of the rate should be made based on the level of infestation, type and maturity of the crop, past experience and other variables. If this is the first time that the pesticide is being used, a dosage in the middle of the range is a good starting point.
The amount of water needed to cover the growing area depends on type of equipment used. With hydraulic sprayers, a rate of 25 – 50 gal per 10,000 sq.ft is common low volume sprayers use only ¼ - 2 gal. per 10,000 sq ft.
Most chemical labels state the amount of pesticide to the diluted in 100 gallons of water and not the amount of spray concentrate that is to be applied to a given area. Some labels now list the amount of chemical that should be applied per acre the instruction manual that comes with each sprayer contains chart or tables that help determine how much spray material to mix with the water. This is usually based on a 10,000 square ft area, so you will need to adjust th rate to fit the growing area to be sprayed.
2.5 Spraying Technique
The technique you use to spray crops is vert important to get good coverage. It should be developed to fit the type of equipment that is to be used. With a hand held gun, a sweeping motion over the foliage will allow the spray material to penetrates and get to the underside of the leaves.
With fixed – fan type units, an airflow pattern needs to be established so that all the plant canopy receives the pesticide; location of the unit contributes to good air flow, using an air circulation system such as HAF, will enhance the movement of the fog and mist particles.
The fans should continue to operate for 30 – 60 minutes after the spraying operation is completed.
Observation should be made to ensure that the sprayer is operating correctly and that sufficient coverage is obtained. A good way to monitor coverage with a hydraulic or mist sprayer is to use strips of water-sensitive paper from a local spraying equipment supplier. The paper is attached to representative leaves in the plant canopy. When exposed to spray droplets, stains will appear indicating the size and number of particles that were received by the leaf.
For fog applications, evaluation of cover can be made using a fluorescent dye in the water, placing representatives’ leaves under an ultraviolet or black light will show droplet size and distribution.
Another tool that can help promote better technique and coverage is to keep a log of the spraying operations and the results that were obtained. This should include date, time and location of application, crop and pest; pesticide used, tank mix, and an evaluation of the results obtained.
Adjustment should be made in subsequent application to try to improve the results.
Proper selection, calibration and operation of spray equipment is important in achieving optimal pest control, as well as in meeting environments and safety requirements. (Khan et al 1997)
2.6 Factor Affecting Spraying.
Pressure and delivery of the pump
Speed of forward travel
Water – spray ratio in tank
Height of boom
Nozzle spacing.
Concentration of the spray materials
Expert or know– how skill
Wind.
(Karl et al 1995)
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTThe single wheel driven boom sprayer was developed, fabricated and evaluated for its performance at the department of Agricultural and Bio-environmental engineering workshop, Kwara state polytechnic, Ilorin. The spraying performance was carried out at spraying height of 0.5m, 0.6m and 0.7m respectively. The theoretical field capacity CT, the effective field capacity CE and Field efficiency (Å‹) at spraying height of 0.5m are 0.285ha/hr , 0.165ha/hr and 58%, while at spraying hei ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLES TABLE   4.2.1      Spraying parameters at spraying height 0.5m     4.2.2      Spraying parameters at spraying height 0.6m         4.2.3      Spraying parameters at spraying height 0.7m    4.2.4      Average spraying data at spray height 0.5,0.6      and 0.7                                   ... Continue reading---
LIST OF PLATES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF PLATES   PLATES          2.1         Hydraulic energy sprayers      2.2         Gasoline energy sprayers     2.3         Centrifugal energy sprayers      2.4         Roller pump     2.5         Diaphragm pump     2.6         Piston pump        2.7         Turbine pump      3.1         Knapsack sprayer      3.2  ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTS      Title page        Certification       Dedication       Acknowledgements        Abstract       Table of content        List of Tables        List of Plates CHAPTER ONE   1   Introduction    1.2   Statement of the problem    1.3   Objective of the project    1.4   Justification of the project  CHAPTER TWO   2   Literature review    2.1    ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0   IntroductionCrop yield is reduced by mainly due to attack of pest, diseases and weeds. Chemical control is the popular method adopted for controlling most insects, weed and diseases. The chemical are applied either by spraying or dusting. Spraying is one of the most effective and efficient techniques for applying small volume of spray liquid to protect crops. In conventional methods, manually operated low and high volume hydraulic sprayer and power operated hydraulic s ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0   Performance evaluation of the Single wheel driven boom spryer4.1      Experimental procedure   An area of land was selected for carrying out the performance evaluation of the sprayer, the area of land was beside the automotive workshop in the Institute of Technology, Kwara state polytechnic. The area measured 20m by 6m which was divided into three subplots. The tank of the sprayer was filled with water and then pulled to start spraying from the beginning to the e ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]average time =24.24s   Speed = distance/time m/sSpeed= 0.02/0.00631 = 2.972km/hrWidth (W )= 0.9mTheoretical field capacity (CT) = SW/10Theoretical field capacity (CT) = (2.972 ×0.9)/10 = 0.267 ha/hrEffective field capacity CE = SWE/10Effective field capacity CE = (2.972 ×0.9 ×o.58)/10 = 0.155ha/hrField efficiency Å‹ = CE/CT=         0.155/0.267=58.05%   ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0   Conclusion and Recommendation 5.1   Conclusion The single wheel driven boom sprayer was developed, fabricated and evaluated for its performance at the department of Agricultural and Bio-environmental engineering workshop, Kwara state polytechnic, Ilorin.. The spraying performance was carried out at spraying height of 0.5m, 0.6m and 0.7m respectively. The theoretical field capacity CT, the effective field capacity CE and Field efficiency (Å‹) at spraying height of ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESAlam, M., and D. Hussain. 2010. Variability of Lever Operated sprayer. Paper acceptedin AMA. 28(2): 11-13Alam, M., M. A. Bell, and A. M. Mortimer. 2000. Targeting farmer sprayapplications for improved safety and uniformity. Int. Rice Res. Conf. IRRI. Phillipines.:223.FAO. 1998. Agriculture pesticides sprayers. Vol. 2. FAO technical standards: sprayer specifications and test procedures.:7-8.Fraser, F. and L. C. Burrill. 1979. Knapsack sprayers:21-25.Friedrich, T. 1997. Approach to imr ... Continue reading---
