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The Use And Misuse Of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (nsaids)
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EXCLUSION CRITERIA
All pharmacists not practicing as community pharmacists
All patent medicine vendors and outlets
2.4 SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
a. Retrospective review of prescriptions: All prescriptions from November 2013 and April 2014 were obtained from the Outpatient Pharmacy Department prescription bank. The prescriptions containing NSAIDs were separated from those without NSAIDs.
b. Ilorin metropolis is made up of three local government areas: Ilorin West, Ilorin South and Ilorin East with population size of 364,666; 208, 691 and 204,310 respectively (NPC, 2006). Questionnaires were administered residents separately to each of the Local Government Area.
Sample size was determined by sample size of proportions using Chochrane formular(Chochrane, 1967)also emphasized in Araoye(2004), n0= Z2 pq/e2. With prevalence rate of 0.5% and precision of 96% (0.04), sample size of 600 was obtained. With attrition rate of 5%, sample size of 630 was used.
A proportionate number of respondents from each Local Government Area ware calculated for.
That is: Ilorin West: 364, 666= 364,666/777,667 * 630 = 295
Ilorin South: 208, 691/777,667 * 630 =169
Ilorin East: 204, 310/777,667 * 630 = 166
c. All Community Pharmacists who consented to participate were used in the study.
2.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Following ethical approval for the study from University of Ilorin Ethical Review Committee for the study, the study was carried out.
a. Prescribing pattern of Prescribers: Prescription sheets were obtained from Pharmacy Unit of the General Outpatient Department of the Teaching Hospital. Data collection form(Appendix V) was used to collect relevant information from treatment sheets which included patient demographics, name of NSAIDs, dosage, strength and duration. Systematic random sampling was used to select from a total of 7485 prescription sheets at an interval of every 5 prescriptions within the 6 months period (November 2013-April 2014).
b. Ten out of 12 political wards was selected in Ilorin West LGA using simple random sampling by simple balloting. Twenty households having residents that meet the inclusion criteria will be selected in each of the selected ward using systematic sampling technique. Households will be selected at interval of three households until a total of twenty households with residents meeting the inclusion criteria will be sampled. Only one resident will be selected per house hold. The index house was determined by Grid method in which a bottle was spun in the center of the district. The direction of the bottle after been spun determined the starting point of the sampling.
The same method was be used in other two Local Government Areas.
c. All consented Community Pharmacists were located in their respective premises and used for the study.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT COMING SOON ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 16 ]TNF, originally termed "cachectin" because of its ability to produce a wasting syndrome, is composed of two closely related proteins: mature TNF (TNF-a) and lymphotoxin (TNF-b), both of which are recognized by the same cell-surface receptors. There are two types of TNF receptors, a 75-kd type 1 receptor and a 55-kd type 2 receptor. IL-1 and TNF produce many of the same proinflammatory responses. A naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), competes with IL-1 for receptor binding, blo ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 8 ]CHAPTER THREE RESULTS3.1 RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF PRESCRIPTIONS/TREATMENT SHEETSOut of 1497 prescription sheets 1297 prescriptions contained NSAIDs with total of 1392 NSAIDs. The prescribing rate was hence found to be 86.6%. 7.3% of prescriptions contained more than one NSAIDs. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER FOURDISCUSSIONStudy of the Prescribing pattern of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs indicated more number of females assess health care for pain and related conditions than their male counterpart (Table 3.1), although there is widespread assumption that women will consult more readily for all symptoms or conditions and that men will be more reluctant or will delay consulting may result in health care providers assuming that women have a lower level of symptom severity before deciding ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONThe prescribing rate of NSAIDs was high. The prevalence of NSAIDs misuse by residents was high Ibuprofen was the most highly misused among the residents. Dispensing pattern of NSAIDs by Pharmacists appeared to agree with the choice of medication use among residents. Educational status, occupation, prior knowledge of medication use and dispensing pattern of Pharmacists are factors that can influence public choice of NSAIDs use. ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]Slater DM, Zervou S, Thornton S. (2002). Prostaglandins and prostanoid receptors in human pregnancy and parturition. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig. 9:118-124.Soleymani F, Ahmadizar A and Abdollahi MA(2013). Survey on the factors influencing the pattern of medicine's use: Concerns on irrational use of drugs. J Res Pharm Pract. 2(2), 59–63.Solomon SD, McMurray JJ, Pfeffer MA, Wittes J, Fowler R, Finn P, Anderson WF, Zauber A, Hawk E, Bertagnolli M (2005). Cardiovascular risk associated with c ... Continue reading---
