Attitude Of Senior Secondary School Teachers Towards Education Field Trip In Biology
[ILORIN METROPOLIS]

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter reviews the related literature on the attitude of senior secondary teachers and students  to fieldtrip in biology. The review focus on the following sub-headings:
(i)    Concept of attitude
(ii)    Concept of field trip
(iii)    Importance of field trip
(iv)    Factors Influencing field trip Exercise
(v)    Students Attitude to field trip
(vi)    Appraisal of Literature Reviewed
Concept of Attitude
The concept of attitude occupies a very favoured position in psychology. Literature revolving round “attitude” has grown in the last 20 years to voluminous proportions. Yet the concept, despite its positions has no universally accepted definition and marked by considerable confusion. (Wood, 2012). There is an amazing diversity of conceptions of what the term denotes.  
Minton (2011) conceptualized attitude as a positive or negative evaluation of people, objective, events, activities, or ideas. It is the most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporary social psychology (Allport, 2012).
The Interactive Reprocessing Model (IRM) takes an integrated approach to define attitude. According to IRM (2012) attitudes are characterized as evaluation, which refer to process of unfolding an emergent property to multiple process during a period of time.
Vogel, (2011) defined attitude as the way a person views something or tends to behave towards it, often in an evaluative way. Attitude is a favourable or unfavourable evaluative reaction toward something or someone, exhibited in ones beliefs, feelings, or intended behavour. It is a social orientation. It is also an underlying either favourably or unfavourably (Khan, 2012).
In psychology, an attitude is a psychological construct, it is a mental and emotional entity that characterizes a person (Richard, 2012). Attitude is an individual’s predisposed state of mind regarding a value and it is precipitated through a responsive expression toward a person, place, thing or event which in turn influences individuals thought and action. Attitude can be formed from a person’s  past and present (Wood, 2014).
Allport (2012) viewed an attitude as an evaluation of an attitude object, ranging from extremely negative to extremely positive. Most contemporary perspectives on attitudes also permit that people can also be conflicted or ambivalent toward an object by simultaneous holding both positive and negative attitudes toward the same object. This has led to some discussion of whether individual can hold multiple attitudes toward the same object (Wood, 2012). An attitude can be as a positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, event, activities an ideas. It could be concrete, abstract or just about anything in the  environment (Chaiken, 2013). An attitude is also defined as a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavor.
According to Vogel (2011) the attitude of a person is determined by psychological factors like ideas, values, beliefs, perception, e.t.c. All these have a complex role in determining a person’s attitude. Values are ideals, guiding principles in one’s life, or overarching goals that people strive to obtain (Olson, 2011) beliefs are cognition about the world. Beliefs can be patently and unequivocally false. Beliefs are subjective probabilities that an object has a particular attribute or that an action will lead to a particular outcome (Dixon, 2015).