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Groundwater Development For Portable Water Supply
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A clear understanding of the hydrologic cycle was achieved
by the latter part of the seventeenth century. For the first time
theories were based on observations and quantitative data. Three
European countries made notable contributions, although others
contributed to and supported these advances. Pierre Perrault (1611 –
1680) and estimated runoff of the upper sein drainage basin. He reported
in 1674 that precipitation on the basin was about six times the river
discharge, thereby demonstrating false the early assumption of
inadequate rainfall. The French Physicist Edme Mariotte (1620 – 1684)
made measurements of the same of paris and confirmed paraults work. His
publication appeared in 1686, after his death, and contained factual
data strongly supported the infiltration theory. Meinzer once stated.
Mariotte probably deserves more than any other man the distinction of
being regarded as the founder of groundwater hydrology, perhaps I should
say the entire science of hydrologyâ€. The third contribution came from
the English astronomer Edmund Halley (1656 – 1742), who reported in 1693
on measurements of evaporation demonstrating that sea evaporation was
sufficient to account for all springs and stream flow.
RECENT CENTURIRES
During
the eighteenth century fundamentals in geologic were established that
provided a basis for understanding the occurrence and movement of
groundwater. During the first half of the nineteenth century many
artesian wells were drilled in France stimulation interest in
groundwater. The French hydraulic engineer Henry Darcy (1803 – 1858).
Studied the movement of water through sand. His treatise of 1856 defined
the relation, now known as Darcy’s law, governing groundwater flow in
most alluvial and sedimentary formations. Later European contributions
of the nineteenth century emphasized the hydraulics of groundwater
development. Significantly contributions were made by J. Boussineq, G.A.
Daubree, J. Dupuru and A. Thiem. In the twentieth century, increased
activity in all phases of groundwater hydrology has occurred. Many
Europeans have participated with publications of either specialized or
comprehensive works. There are too many people to mention them all, but
R. Dachler, E. Imbeaux, K. Keihack are best known in the United States.
American
contributions to groundwater hydrology date from near the end of the
nineteenth century. In the past 90 years, tremendous advances have been
made. Important early theoretical contributions were made by A. Hazem,
F.H. King while detailed field investigations were begun by men such as
T.C Chamberline, N.H Darton through his consuming interest in
groundwater and his dynamic leadership of groundwater activities of the
U.S geological survey, stimulated many individuals in the quest for
groundwater knowledge. In recent decadeds the publications of M.S.
Hantush, C.E. Jacob. Within the lat 20 years the surge in university
research on groundwater problems, the establishment of professional
consulting firms specializing in water resources, and the advent of the
digital computer have jointly produced a competence for development and
management of groundwater resources that was nonexistent hereto fore.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Groundwater hydrology may be defined as the science of the occurrence distribution, and movement of water below the surface of the earth. Geochydrology has an identical connotation, and hydrogeology differs only by its greater emphasis on geology. Utilization of groundwater dates from ancient times, although an understanding of the occurrence and movement of subsurface water as part of the hydrologic cycle has come only relatively recently.SCOPE: Groundwater referred to without specification is ... Continue reading---
