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Sustainable Cement Utilization
[Enugu, Enugu State Nigeria] -
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ABSTRACT
The research work examined and analyzed Sustainable Cement Utilization in Enugu, Enugu State Nigeria. The research was carried out between July 2009 and January 2010. Sustainability is the power to use a thing and still keep it going or maintained for the next use. (Oxford Dictionary). The concept of sustainability now transcends environmental sustainability to embrace economic and social sustainability (Plessis 2001). Cement is the key element in the rapidly growing construction sector. High cement cost affects people’s ability to build homes or engage in other forms of construction. And this situation is very worrisome in our country with the housing crises we are facing. Cement supply in our country has not met the demand, 41.5% of the cement used in Nigeria is produced within the country and 57.5% imported (Ikponmwosa 2008). To worsen the situation, the famous Nkalagu Cement has been closed down. The challenge of cement production in Nigeria includes the problem of power supply, gas supply, distribution network as well as infrastructure development. The objective of this research is to investigate sustainable cement utilization in Enugu production, supply, importation, shortfalls, alternatives and effects on the environment.Data were obtained through questionnaires and oral interviews and analyzed using bar charts, percentage and chi-square. It was found out that the socio – economic component of sustainable utilization is the most challenged and this effect is from transportation and production which produces carbondioxde (CO2) and this is very unfriendly to the environment. It the problems of the cement industries are handled, the country will be able to meet the demand and one of the steps to achieving this should be the reactivation of the well known Nkalagu Cement in Enugu State.
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QUESTIONNAIRE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]QUESTIONNAIRESECTION AQUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE CEMENT DEALERS IN ENUGUPlease tick (√) or indicate in the box against your responses.1. Sex (a) Male [ ](b) Female[ ]2. Marital Status (a) Single [ ](b) Married[ ]3. Age (a) Below 20 [ ](b) 20-39 [ ](c) 40 and above[ ]4. Educational background (a) Primary School[ ] (b) SecondarySchool [ ](c) Tertiary Institution [ ](d) Professional Certificate[ ](e) None of the above[ ]5. How long have you been in this business (a) below 5 ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTABLE 1: Typical Constituent of Portland Cement. Cement Industry Notation under CCNTABLE 2: Test Result of Ikpayongo LateriteTable 3: Gender, marital status and age groupTable 4: Educational back ground and number of years in the business.Table 5: Income level per month and locationTable 6: Getting the product and the form in which they get the product.Table 7: Biggest challenge to the cement producers and the brand of cement commonly usedTable 8: Brand of cement used/soldTable 9: ... Continue reading---
LIST OF PLATES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF PLATESPLATE 1: A Pallet with Portland CementPLATE 2: Blue Circle Southern Cement; Works near Berrima, New South Wales, Australia.PLATE 3: Cement plant, Midlothian, TexasPLATE 4: A limestone Prehomogenization pile being built by a boom stackerPLATE 5: A completed limestone pre homogenization pilePLATE 6: Precalciner kilnPLATE 7: Typical clinker nodulesPLATE 8: 10 MW cement mill, producing cement at 270 tonnes per hourPLATE 9: Decorative use of Portland cement panels on London’s Gro ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFIG 1: Schematic explanation of Portland cement productionFIG.2: Chart for Constituent Materials for Low-Cost HousingFIG.3: Coarse AggregateFIG.4: Bamboo and Palm Fibres as Alternatives to Steel Reinforcement ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTCertification………………………………….………………………….……... iTitle page………………………………………………………………..…….. iiAcknowledgement…………………………†... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Sustainability is an integrating and holistic process aiming to restore harmony between the natural and the built environment, and create settlements that affirm human dignity and encourage equity (Yitmen 2005). Sustainability is the power to use a thing and keep it going or maintained for the next use (Oxford Advanced Dictionary). It can also be defined as using the environment and not jeopardizing the opportunity of being used by the next generation (Obiegbu 2005). Sus ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 7 ]White Cement White cement is a Portland cement CEM I made from specially selected raw materials, usually pure chalk and white clay (kaolin) containing very small quantities of iron oxides and manganese oxides. White cement is frequently chosen by architects for use in white, off-white or coloured concretes that will be exposed, inside or outside buildings, to the public's gaze. Masonry Cement: Masonry cements, as their name suggests, are designed for use in masonry mortars for bricklaying, block ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER THREE 3.1: INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the production used in gathering and generating the data needed for carrying out the research work and the subsequent technique for processing and analyzing collected data. 3.2: SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION The relevant data used for this research emanated from both primary and secondary sources. 3.3: PRIMARY DATA This primary data were generated from questionnaires and oral interview. However the essence of using questionnaires and oral inter ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]CHAPTER FOURDATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS4.1 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter deals with presentation and analyses of the data obtainedfrom the questionnaires designed for the study as well as oral interview.4.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS.4.2:1 RESPONDENTS GENDER, MARITAL STATUS AND AGE GROUPTable shows that 82.5% of the cement dealers were males and the remaining 17.5% were females. For the site personnel, 100% of the respondents were males. This shows that males outnumbered females. The table a ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION This study shows that the socio-economic components of sustainable production and utilization is seen to be most challenging. The strongest effect of utilization of cement is transportation and the unfriendly nature of cement production. The above has a serious impact on the environment. The effect of transportation will be reduced if the roads and railways are in healthy condition. And transportation on the other way round has impact on the price of cement ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCES Agbede I.O. Joel. M. (2002), Use of Cement – Sand as mixture in Laterite Brick Production for Loaw Cost Housing Department of Civil Engineering, University of Agriculture, Markudi Benue State, Nigeria. Ajobo O. Akinola A.A, Tijani A.A Cement Production Externalities and Profitability of crop Enterprise in two Local Government Areas of Ogun State, Nigeria. Annual Abstracts of Statistics (2006) Annual Production (2007) Central Bank Bulletin Barnsaye J.A (2007) Cement Bonded Parti ... Continue reading---
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QUESTIONNAIRE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]QUESTIONNAIRESECTION AQUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE CEMENT DEALERS IN ENUGUPlease tick (√) or indicate in the box against your responses.1. Sex (a) Male [ ](b) Female[ ]2. Marital Status (a) Single [ ](b) Married[ ]3. Age (a) Below 20 [ ](b) 20-39 [ ](c) 40 and above[ ]4. Educational background (a) Primary School[ ] (b) SecondarySchool [ ](c) Tertiary Institution [ ](d) Professional Certificate[ ](e) None of the above[ ]5. How long have you been in this business (a) below 5 ... Continue reading---
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