Sustainable Cement Utilization
[Enugu, Enugu State Nigeria]

TABLE OF CONTENT

Certification………………………………….………………………….……... i
Title page………………………………………………………………..…….. ii
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………..…iii
Dedication…………………………………………………………………..….iv
Table of content………………………………………………………..………v
List of tables ………………………………………………………..………….xi
List of plates ……………………………………………………………………x
List of figures …………………………………………………………………. xi
Abstract …………………………………… …………………………………xii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION……………………………………….… 1
1.1 Background of the study………………………………………………... 2
1.2 Statement of the problem……………………………………………….. 3
1.3 Research aim and objectives ………………………………..…...……. 6
1.4 Scope and limitation of the study…………………….………………… 7
1.5 Significance of the study ……………………….………………………..8
1.6 Research Questions ……………………….…………………………….8

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction………………………………………………………….…… .9
2.1 Definition………………………………………………………………..…..9
2.2 Sustainability and factory – made cements ………………………..... 11
2.3 History …………………………………………………………………..
2.3.2 Production………………………………………………….………........ 20
2.4 Importation……………………….……………………………………… 29
2.5 Shortfalls in cement industry…………………………...……………… 31
2.6 Uses of local material for cement production ……………………...... 32
2.6.2 Cement production……………………………………………………… 33
2.6.3 Pozzolanas………………………………………………………………. 34
2.6.4 General information………………………………...……………………35
2.6.5 Pozzalanas from clay source………………………………………….. 37
2.7 Use of cement – sand admixture in lateritic Brick production for low
cost housing ……………………………………………………..…..…. 43
2.7.1 Compaction characteristics …………………………………….………51
2.7.2 Shear strength characteristics………………………………………… 52
2.7.3 Cost analysis……………………………………………………………. 54
2.8 Effect of cement production on the environment ………….……….. 56
2.8.1 Cement production externalities and profitability of crop
enterprises 47 …………………………………………………………. 59

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction …………………...…………………………………………63
3.2 Sources of data collection ……………………………………………..63
3.3 Primary data …………………………………………………………….63
3.4 Secondary data …………………………………………………………63
3.5 Population of the study ……………….………………………………..64
3.6 Sample selection/technique …………………………………………...64
3.7 Research methods ……..………………………………………………65
3.8 Method of investigation…………………………………………………66
3.9 Questionnaire …………………………………………………………..66
3.9.1 Oral interview……………………………………………………………66
3.9.2 Validity and reliability of measuring instruments ……………………66
3.9.3 Administration of Questionnaire ………………………………………67
3.9.4 Method of data Analysis…………………………………………………68

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………69
4.2 Characteristics of the respondents …………………………………... 69
4.2.1 Respondents’ gender, marital status and age group ………………. 69
4.2.2 Respondents’ Educational Background and number of years
in the business……………………………………………..…………… 70
4.2.3 Respondents’ income level per month and location ………..…….... 72
4.2.4 Respondents’ view about getting the product and the form in which
they get the product …………………………………………………… 73
4.2.5 Respondents’ view on the biggest challenge to the cement producers
and the brand of cement commonly used …………………………… 75
4.2.6 Respondents review on the brand of cement used/sold …………... 76
4.2.7 Respondents view on the reason for the brand sold and quantity
gotten weekly…………………………………………………………… 76
4.2.8 Respondent’s view on the ability to meet up with the demand and
reason for short fall in supply…………………………………………. 78
4.2.9.1 Respondents view on the effect of transportation………...………..79
4.2.9.2 Respondents view on alternative to Housing Production ……….. 80
4.2.9.3 Respondents view on the number of trucks that come
into the market weekly and the type of cement sold.
4.3 Findings …………………………………………………………………..82

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion and Discussion ………………………………… …………….. 86
Recommendation ……………………………………………………………. 86
Recommendation for further studies ………..………………………………88
References …………………………………………………………………… 89
Appendices