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Extraction And Formulation Of Perfume From Plant
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CHAPTER ONE
1. 1 INTRODUCTION
The word perfume derives from the
latin ―per fumum‖ meaning through smoke, is fragrant liquid that is
sprayed or rubbed on the skin or clothes to give a pleasant smell.
Extraction of perfume from various plants resources is of ancient
origin. Infact the natives from different tropical regions of the globe
have long been extracting oil from numerous oil bearing plants. Human
since the ancient time have known how to extract oil from their natural
resources. Vegetable oils are naturally occurring esters of higher fatty
acids and glycerol. They are widely distributed in nature and were
first consumed as food. Later oils were discovered to be used as
renewable raw materials for variety of non food production, for instance
perfumes, disinfectants, inks to mention but a few.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Several
thousands of plants distributed throughtout the world contain a group
of odiferous, fragrance, oily products that are highly volatile organic
substances collectively known as essential oils. ―Essential‖ does not
mean ―most necessary‖ but rather the concentrated characteristics or
quintessence of a natural flavor or fragrance raw material (Coulson et
al, 2003). Therefore, perfume may be from essential oils of vegetables
or plant origin. It is a complex mixture of aldehydes, ketones,
hydrocarbons, alcoholic acid and short chain esters. The existence of
perfume on certain plants has been known for thousands of years. They
can be found in leaves, flowers, stems, barks, and roots. Ancient
Egytians extracted essential oils from plants tissues by steam
distillation (Ogbu,2005). Other methods of isolating essential oils
includes solvent extraction, expression, cold plate or enfleurage. Some
of these methods have been adopted by essential oil extracting
industries. Information on perfume when the essential oils have been
extracted from plants are of different type of oils and these will
ultimately influence the smell of perfume over time namely:
1. The
base oil (Base notes)- this will produce the scent that stays longest on
the skin and for this reason it is usually added to the mixture e.g
vanilla, ginnamon, sandalwood, mosses etc.
2. The middle oil (middle
notes)- this also influences the smell of the perfume for quite sometime
but not as long as the base note does e.g lemon grass, Yalang Ylang
etc.
3. Top oil (top notes)- this is added to the mixture after the
middle notes and may then be followed by some other substances which
will help to bridge the scents together e.g orchard, rose, bergamount,
lemon,orchid etc.
A formulation or recipe that rightly blend with the
oil or fragrance is used and the reason perfume differs is due to the
formulation or recipe that will give pleasant odour. It is necessary to
choose a good recipe of formulation. Alcohol is added to the fragrance
or essential oils as a primary solvent to reduce the strays of the oils.
Fixatives are also used with the other ingredients like water,
essential oils and alcohol to lower the rate of evaporation of the
fragrance of essential oils. The reason why a perfume losses its
fragrance faster than normal is because only a little amount of fixative
was used when preparing the perfume.
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