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Studies On The Treatment Of Coal And Brewery Wastewater Using Adsorption And Coagulation– Flocculation Techniques
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page - - - - - - - - i
Certification - - - - - - - ii
Dedication - - - - - - - - iii
Acknowledgement - - - - - - iv
Abstract - - - - - - - - v
Table of content - - - - - - - vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study - - - - - 1
1.2 Aims and Objectives - - - - - - 3
1.3 Significance of The work - - - - - 3
1.4 Scope of the research work. - - - - - 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Coal - - - - - - - - 5
2.1.1 Coal Formation - -- - - - - 5
2.1.2 Testing of Coal - - - - - - 8
2.1.3 Properties of coal. - - - - - - 8
2.1.4 Uses of coal - - - - - - - 9
2.1.5 Coal waste water - - - - - - 9
2.1.6 Relationship between raw Coal characteristic and - effluent quality. - - - - - - 11
2.2 Brewery wastewater - - - - - 12
2.2.1 Characteristics of Brewery Wastewater - - 13
2.2.2 Brewery effluent. - - - - - 13
2.2.3 Brewery Effluent composition - - - 14
2.3 Solid composition in waste water effluent - - 16
2.4 Pumpkin seeds (Pepita, Cucurbita pepo) - - 18
2.5 Mucuna pruriens - - - - - 20
2.5.1 History - - - - - - 20
2.5.2 Common Names - - - - - 21
2.5.3 Description - - - - - 21
2.5.4 Habitat - - - - - - 22
2.5.5 Variability - - - - -- - 23
2.5.6 Product & Uses - - - - - 23
2.5 .7 Characteristics - - - - -- - 25
2.6 Coagulation/ flocculation - - - - - 26
2.6.1 Coagulation / Flocculation process - - 27
2.7.2 Classes of Coagulants . - - - - 27
2.6.3 Classes of flocculants - - - - 29
2.6.4 Mechanism of Coagulation - -- - 31
2.6.5 Mechanism of Flocculation - - - 33
2.6.6 Coagulation transport mechanism -- - 34
2.6.7 Factors influencing coagulation - - - 34
2.6.8 Factors influencing the speed of flocculation - 37
2.6.9 Zeta potential and colloidal Stability. - - 38
2.7 Adsorption - - - - - - 39
2.7.1 Types of Adsorption - - - - 39
2.7.2 Factors which affect the extent of adsorption -- 41
2.7.3 Adsorption isotherms - - - - 44
2.7.3.1 Types of adsorption isotherms. - - - 44
2.7.3.2 A New classification of adsorption Isotherms.- 47
2.7.4 Activated carbon - - - - - 48
2.7.4.1 Types of activated carbon - - - 49
2.7.5 Production of a spherical Activated carbon with the use of H202. - - - -- - 51
2.7.6. Factors that Influence the performance of active carbon in water (source: Wastewater Engineering, Metcalf & Eddy, 1991). - - - - - 52
2.7.7 Factors that influence the performance of active carbon in air. (Wastewater Engineering, Metcalf and Eddy, 1991). - - - - - 53
2.7.8 Uses of activated carbon - - - - 53
2.7.9 Activated carbon reactivation - - - 54
CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Theoretical Background - - - - 56
3.1 Kinetics of rapid coagulation - - - 56
3.2 Equilibrium, kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic studies of adsorption. - - - - 60
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Equipment and method - - - - 64
4.1 Effluent sample collection - - - - 64
4.1.1 Brewery effluent collection- - - - 64
4.2 Jar test procedures- - - - - - 70
4.2.1 Equipment- - - - - - - 70
4.2.2 Coagulation-flocculation experimental procedures (Jar test) for dosages and pH variations for Brewery effluent. - - - - - - - 71
4.2.3 Turbidity measurement - - - - - 72
4.2.4 Determination of the pH value - - - 72
4.2.5 Determination of the concentration of the effluents for coagulation processes.- - - - 72
4.3 Adsorption experiment - - - - - 65
4.3.1 Pumpkin seed adsorbent collection - - 65
4.3.2 Preparation of pumpkin seed - - - 65
4.3.3 Procedure for preparation of 60% acid (N3PO4) and 60% Base (NH4Cl) used for impregnation. - 67
4.3.4 Absorbance Measurement using spectrophotometer 68 4.3.5 Batch Adsorption experiment measurements - - 68
4.3.6 Thermodynamic study- - - - - 69 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Results and discussion - - - - - 73
5.1 Characterization results of the effluents. - 73
5.2 Plotted graphs - - - - - - 74
CHAPTER SIX 6.1 Conclusion - - - - - - - 112
6.2 Recommendation - - - - - - 112
Reference - - - - - - 113
Appendices - - - - - - 120
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTACT This work is an experiment of the treatment of coal and brewery wastewater using coagulation-flocculation and adsorption techniques. Jar test method was applied as the coagulation-flocculation technique while batch adsorption method was implemented as the adsorption technique. The coagulants used were Alum and Mucuna pruriens (MUC). These were varied in terms of dosages, pH, time and was experimented on brewery effluent. The adsorbent used was the seed shell of pumpkin seeds. The adsorbe ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Materials play a major role also in lowering pollution and contamination of the environment. For this reason there are intensive research activities in the areas of lowering toxicity of exhausts, confinement of contamination and recycling of materials of many kinds- including water. Effluent disposal is a major problem around the world. Growing along with the population growth, industries create environmental problems and health hazard for ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 8 ]These are broadly divided as anionic, cationic and non- ionic categories (Brostow et al, 2009). 1). Non-ionic polyelctrolytes : These include polyacrylamide (PAM) and poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO). 2). Cationic polyelectrolytes: These are derived by introducing quaternary ammonium groups onto the polymer backbone and phosphonium groups are used to a limiting extent (Brostow et al, 2009). The most commonly used cationic polyelectrolytes are poly(diallyl dimethylammoniun chloride) (poly DADMAC). 3). ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]Freundlich Isotherm model is expressed as:qe = KCe1/n…….. (3.6)In linear form. It is written asIn qe = ln k + 1 In Ce …. (3.7)nWhereQe = amount of adsorbate (TSP) adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent,mg/g.Ce =Equilibrium concentration of the adsorbate, mg/lIn k= a measure of adsorbent capacity1/n = Sorption intensityK and n are calculated from the intercept and slope of the plot of ln qe versus ln Ce respectively (Nath et al, 2006). The value 1/n indicates how favourable the a ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 EQUIPMENT AND METHOD 4.1 EFFLUENT SAMPLE COLLECTION 4.1.1 BREWERY EFFLUENT COLLECTION Brewery effluent sample was collected from Nigeria Brewery in Enugu using a 25 liters Jerrican in July, 2009. The jerrican was filled to the brim with the brewery effluent in order to expel entrapped air within the jerrican. It was then corked and was left sealed until the commencement of the analysis (wright et al,1993). Preservatives were added before corking as required by the test method (A ... Continue reading---
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTACT This work is an experiment of the treatment of coal and brewery wastewater using coagulation-flocculation and adsorption techniques. Jar test method was applied as the coagulation-flocculation technique while batch adsorption method was implemented as the adsorption technique. The coagulants used were Alum and Mucuna pruriens (MUC). These were varied in terms of dosages, pH, time and was experimented on brewery effluent. The adsorbent used was the seed shell of pumpkin seeds. The adsorbe ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS -- [Total Page(s) 1]
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TABLE OF CONTENTS -- [Total Page(s) 1]
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