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A Projection Report On The Effect Of Geometric Properties (shape) On The Strength Of Interlocking Paving Stone
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CHAPTER THREE
3.1 PROCUREMENT OF THE MATERIAL COMPONENTS
The following materials used in the production of interlocking paving stones: quarry dust or granite stone, cement, sharp sand with water were procured from the market.
3.2. These are the equipment or tools used in interlocking paving Stone Production
- Mould
- Shovel
- Hand trowel
- Head Pan
- Plumb
- Wheel barrow
- Bucket
Mould: During production, the mould is used for casting. It comes in different shapes and sizes. Some are made of plastics while others are of metals.
Shovel: Shovel is used for thorough mixing of the mixture/aggregate during production.
Hand trowel: This is used for packing the aggregate mixture into the mould and also for mixing.
Head Pan: It is used for caryring and measuring materials like stone dust, sand etc.
Plumb: This ensures proper alignment during laying. It is also used to confirm the alignment of the moulds.
Wheel barrow: It is used for carrying and transporting the materials such as stone dust, laterite, cement etc.
Bucket: It is used for fetching water during mixing of the aggregate. Other tools/machine include: Mallet, compacting machine, tape etc.
3.3 Mix Ratios
Generally, the mix ratios used in production were 1:4 and 1:3 depending on the material been mixed. For this project 1:4 was used for all the sets. Dangote cement was used. In each of the sets, the aggregates were mixed with cement and water using manual hand mix over a number of times until consistency was attained. The inner surface of the mould was smeared with engine oil to reduce and prevent adhesion of the element to the contact surface of the mould. The mix was then rammed into the standard plastic mould with dimension 220mm *140mm*600mm of Double –Tee, 3 star, Land Roman, Digalo, Bubble Glover. Etc.
3.4 Determination of the quantities of materials.
The quantity of material adopted in this project was based on the standard method of batching, that is, the method of batching by weight. A mix ratio of 1:2:4 and 0.3 water/cement ratio was used for the interlocking paving stones.
3.5 Sieve analysis of the material
Testing Procedure
This test was carried out on all the aggregate and soil samples used for the production of the paving blocks in order to determine the distribution of their particle sizes and also to know their grading zone.
Apparatus: Balance, large trowel, Sieve shaker and sieve brushes. The diameter of the sieve sizes used were 4mm, 2.36mm, 1.0mm, 0.5mm, 0.25mm, 0.15mm, 0.09mm, 0.075, and pan.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT Interlocking paving stone is a good surface material produce as a result of mixture of aggregate to produce a good workability surface. This research work investigates on how the shapes affect the strength after production. The materials used include cement, sharp sand, quarry dust or granite dust and water. The structural engineering properties investigated include compressive strength, flexural strength of each types of interlocking paving stone produced that is 3 St ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1: Composition of Constituent Material Per Each Shape Table 4.2: Sieve Analysis Result for Quarry Dust Table 4.3: A Compressive strength result for the interlocking paving stones Table 4.4: Flexural strength properties of interlocking paving blocks produced in laboratory Table 4.5: Showing Flexural Strength properties of interlocking paving blocks produced in laboratory Table 4.6: Showing Flexural strength properties of interlocking paving blocks produced in lab ... Continue reading---
LIST OF PLATES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF PLATESPlate 1: Bubble Glover Interlock Tiles Plate 2: Didalo Interlock Tiles Plate 3: Double T Interlock Tiles Plate 4: 3 Star Interlock Tiles Plate 5: Land Roman Interlock Tiles Plate 6A: Crushing of the materials in progress Plate 6B: Crushing of the materials ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFig 2.1a: Small element pavement structure Fig 2.1b: Load spreading in the small element top layer through shear forces in the joints Fig 2.3a: Categories of Block shapes Fig 2.4a: Types of laying patterns for concrete tiles Fig 2.4b: Types of laying patterns for burnt clay bricks and concrete blocks Fig 4.1: Particle size distribution for quarry dust ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Certificate Dedication Acknowledgment Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates Abstract CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Aims and Objective of the Project 1.3 Justification of the Study 1.4 Scope of the Project 1.5 Proposed Methodology CHAPTER TWO: 2.0. Literature Review 2.1 Preamble 2.2 Structure of Interlocking Paving ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.1 Introduction Researchers have work on various materials for paving and method of pavement construction that will provide adequate support for traffic load with minimum construction cost and maintenance. The concept of interlocking stone pavers dated back over 200years ago to the Roman empire where over 800,000km of roads were built using interlocking paving blocks. The roman developed a simple system for building roads some of the roads are still in use today. The roads were ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]CHAPTER TWO2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Preamble An interlocking concrete paver is a pre-cast piece of concrete or brick commonly used in exterior landscaping applications. Interlocking paving blocks are installed over a compacted stone sub-base and a leveling bed of sand. Concrete paving stones can be used for walkways, paths, pool decks and driveways and airport or landing docks (Paver, 2012).When one thinks of interlocking paving stones, one often get the idea of dog bone shape stone ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1. Material Tests Performed on the Materials and Samples The adequacy tests for the paving element as a small element pavement include physical dimension, compressive and flexural strength tests. These tests were performed at the Polytechnic laboratory, Ilorin.4.2. Material Tests The test was carried out to determine the amount of water that each material will absorb.Testing Procedure A 200g dry weight of each materia ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS5.1. Conclusions Having established the compliance of the paving element produced with standard and specifications, one can therefore conclude that;a. The domineering materials commonly used for manufacture of paving blocks were stone dust, cement and water. b. The materials used for production are of adequate grading, shape and texture. c. The effect of laterite in the mix of the laboratory produced specimens r ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESAdetifa O.A, Akinyemi E.O, Jimoh Y.A and Halega D.J (1992) “Provision of Engineeirng services for the use of paving blocksâ€. Interim Report No. 2. Submitted to SPDC by Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Unpublished.Houben, L.J.M. (1988), Structural Design of Pavements- Part V: Design of Small Element Pavements Lecture Notes CT 4860, Faculty of Civil Engineering and geosciences, TU Delft,Interlocking concrete pavers – wikipedia, the free encycloped ... Continue reading---
