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A Projection Report On The Effect Of Geometric Properties (shape) On The Strength Of Interlocking Paving Stone
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Material Tests Performed on the Materials and Samples
The adequacy tests for the paving element as a small element pavement include physical dimension, compressive and flexural strength tests. These tests were performed at the Polytechnic laboratory, Ilorin.
4.2. Material Tests
The test was carried out to determine the amount of water that each material will absorb.
Testing Procedure
A 200g dry weight of each material to be used was measured and was allowed to absorb water for 24hrs after which it was surface-dried by rolling in a towel until all the visible films of water were moved. Weights before and after absorption (Saturated surface dry sample) were determined as shown below.
4.3. Determination of Quantity of Materials
The method of batching by weight was adopted in this project for the mix proportion of 1:2:4 with water/cement ratio of 0.3. here are the procedures for the calculation.
Specific gravity of the materials is given below:
i. Water = 1000 kg/m3
ii. Cement = 3050 kg/m3
iii. All in one aggregate = 2600 kg/m3
iv. Water cement ratio = 0.5
v. Mass of water = 0.3c
Volume of Each Interlock Shapes
1. Land Roman = 0.024m3
2. Double T = 0.019m3
3. 3 star = 0.014m3
4. Bubble Glover = 0.019m3
5. Didalo = 0.019m3
Total volume of concrete = 0.0954m3
Specific gravity of the materials is given below:
Water = 1000kg/m3
All in one aggregate = 2600kg/m3
Assuming 1m3 volume
i.e Vwater + Vcement + VA.G = 1m3
Volume = Mass
Density
Mix Ratio = 1:4
Water Cement Ratio = 0.5
Mass of Water = 0.5c
Mass of Cement Mc = C
Mass of Aggregate = 4c
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT Interlocking paving stone is a good surface material produce as a result of mixture of aggregate to produce a good workability surface. This research work investigates on how the shapes affect the strength after production. The materials used include cement, sharp sand, quarry dust or granite dust and water. The structural engineering properties investigated include compressive strength, flexural strength of each types of interlocking paving stone produced that is 3 St ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1: Composition of Constituent Material Per Each Shape Table 4.2: Sieve Analysis Result for Quarry Dust Table 4.3: A Compressive strength result for the interlocking paving stones Table 4.4: Flexural strength properties of interlocking paving blocks produced in laboratory Table 4.5: Showing Flexural Strength properties of interlocking paving blocks produced in laboratory Table 4.6: Showing Flexural strength properties of interlocking paving blocks produced in lab ... Continue reading---
LIST OF PLATES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF PLATESPlate 1: Bubble Glover Interlock Tiles Plate 2: Didalo Interlock Tiles Plate 3: Double T Interlock Tiles Plate 4: 3 Star Interlock Tiles Plate 5: Land Roman Interlock Tiles Plate 6A: Crushing of the materials in progress Plate 6B: Crushing of the materials ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFig 2.1a: Small element pavement structure Fig 2.1b: Load spreading in the small element top layer through shear forces in the joints Fig 2.3a: Categories of Block shapes Fig 2.4a: Types of laying patterns for concrete tiles Fig 2.4b: Types of laying patterns for burnt clay bricks and concrete blocks Fig 4.1: Particle size distribution for quarry dust ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Certificate Dedication Acknowledgment Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates Abstract CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Aims and Objective of the Project 1.3 Justification of the Study 1.4 Scope of the Project 1.5 Proposed Methodology CHAPTER TWO: 2.0. Literature Review 2.1 Preamble 2.2 Structure of Interlocking Paving ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.1 Introduction Researchers have work on various materials for paving and method of pavement construction that will provide adequate support for traffic load with minimum construction cost and maintenance. The concept of interlocking stone pavers dated back over 200years ago to the Roman empire where over 800,000km of roads were built using interlocking paving blocks. The roman developed a simple system for building roads some of the roads are still in use today. The roads were ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]CHAPTER TWO2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Preamble An interlocking concrete paver is a pre-cast piece of concrete or brick commonly used in exterior landscaping applications. Interlocking paving blocks are installed over a compacted stone sub-base and a leveling bed of sand. Concrete paving stones can be used for walkways, paths, pool decks and driveways and airport or landing docks (Paver, 2012).When one thinks of interlocking paving stones, one often get the idea of dog bone shape stone ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]The following steps were employed in carrying out the test.i. The samples were dried in air.ii. The weight of the sieves were measured with a weighing balance after they have been cleaned with sieve brush.iii. The sieves were arranged in order of decreasing diameter by inserting the bottom of one into the top of another with the largest on the top and the pan at the bottom.iv. A 700g of each sample was measured and poured on the top of the sieve, covered with the ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS5.1. Conclusions Having established the compliance of the paving element produced with standard and specifications, one can therefore conclude that;a. The domineering materials commonly used for manufacture of paving blocks were stone dust, cement and water. b. The materials used for production are of adequate grading, shape and texture. c. The effect of laterite in the mix of the laboratory produced specimens r ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESAdetifa O.A, Akinyemi E.O, Jimoh Y.A and Halega D.J (1992) “Provision of Engineeirng services for the use of paving blocksâ€. Interim Report No. 2. Submitted to SPDC by Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Unpublished.Houben, L.J.M. (1988), Structural Design of Pavements- Part V: Design of Small Element Pavements Lecture Notes CT 4860, Faculty of Civil Engineering and geosciences, TU Delft,Interlocking concrete pavers – wikipedia, the free encycloped ... Continue reading---
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT Interlocking paving stone is a good surface material produce as a result of mixture of aggregate to produce a good workability surface. This research work investigates on how the shapes affect the strength after production. The materials used include cement, sharp sand, quarry dust or granite dust and water. The structural engineering properties investigated include compressive strength, flexural strength of each types of interlocking paving stone produced that is 3 St ... Continue reading---