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The Effect Of Admixtures On Properties Of Co`ncrete
[CASE STUDIES OF SUGAR, COW BONE ASH, GROUDNUT SHELL ASH, AND LIME STONE POWDER]
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION The importance of understanding various types of materials used in Civil Engineering is widely recognized. There has been tremendous increase in the latest research and practical achievement to improve on concrete technology. Free exchange for technical knowledge at international conferences in many countries and worldwide exchange of technical paper, upgrading of internet information on how concrete can be improved in a situation where needed and bulletins has led to a general polling and shifting of information and recently to the publication of many new code and standard. Concrete is a composite material which is formed by mixing in good proportion, cement, water, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate, air and at times admixture. Freshly prepared concrete is called Wet or Green concrete. Concrete is used in substructure and superstructure work in civil engineering, for a meaningful work to take place in a construction industry, concrete must be available. However, the properties and performance of this concrete are being influenced by the introduction of some materials called admixture. Admixtures have been in use almost since the inception of the art of concreting. It is reported that the roman builders used oxblood as an admixture in their concrete and masonry structure. Research has shown that oxblood is an excellent air entraining agent. During the early part of this century it was a common practice to add gold dust, soap to concrete as water proofing agent. Admixtures are materials other than water, cement, aggregate and additives like pozzolana or slag and fibre reinforcement, used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar and added to the immediately before or during its mixing to modify or alter one or more properties of the concrete in the plastic or hardened state.
Admixtures can also be said to be substances introduced into concrete mixes in order to alter or improve the property of the fresh or hindered concrete or both in general.
Admixtures are classified as either mineral admixture which may be introduced as blended materials such as fly-ash (FA), silicate fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), meta kaolin (MK), and rice husk ash (RHA) or chemical admixture which are typically added during the mixing process of concrete production, its include accelerators, retarders, air entrainer, plasticizer or water reducer, water proofers and pigments (colourants).
In view of the above facts the project title “the effect of admixtures on the properties of concrete†is carried out with the aim of knowing the effect of the various types of admixture used on the properties of concrete, in term of the workability of concrete, setting time of concrete, durability of concrete and the concrete strength. The test also compared the effect of various admixtures on the setting to the hardening time of concrete as well as the slump and trowel test to know the degree of workability.
The test is limited to selected admixtures as a result of time factor, likewise the properties of concrete on which the test are based are limited but the most important and most interesting area are selected such as limestone powder(LP), sugar, groundnut shell ash(GSA) and cow bone ash(CBA).
1.1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Not all admixtures are economical to employ on a particular project. Also some characteristic of concrete, such as low absorption, can be achieved simply by consistently adhering to high quality concreting practices.
The chemistry of concrete admixture is a complex topic requiring in depth knowledge and experience. A general understanding of the options available for concrete admixture is necessary for acquiring the right product for the project base on the climatic condition and project requirement.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT The project titled “The effect of admixtures on properties of concrete: case study of sugar, cow bone ash, groundnut shell ash, and lime stone powder†was carried out with the aim of knowing the effect the of the various types of admixtures used on the properties of concrete, in term of the workability of concrete, durability of concrete and the concrete strength. The material used are cow bone ash, groundnut shell ash, sugar and lime stone powder. The cow bone was sou ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1: Data Analysis for Fine Aggregates (Sand) Table 4.2: Data Analysis for Coarse Aggregate (Granite) Table 4.3: Slump Test Result for GSA Concrete Table 4.4: Slump Test Result for CBA Concrete Table 4.5: Slump Test Result for Sugar Concrete Table 4.6: Slump Test Result for LP Concrete Table 4.7: Summary of Slump Test Result for Various Concrete Admixtures Table 4.8: Compressive Strength Test Result of Normal Concrete Table 4.9: Compressive Strength Test ... Continue reading---
LIST OF PLATES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF PLATESPlate 3.1: Groundnut Shell and Cow Bone Plate 3.2: Burning of Groundnut Shell and Cow Bone Plate 3.3: Cow bone ash, Groundnut shell ash, Limestone powder and Sugar. Plate 3.4: Batching of Concrete Plate 3.5: Type of Slump Plate 36: Cube Production Plate 3.7: Curing of Cubes Plate 3.8: Crushing Machine ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFigure 4.1: The graph of sieve analysis for Fine Aggregate (Sand) Figure 4.2: The graph of sieve analysis for Coarse Aggregate (Granite). Figure 4.3: The graph of slump test result for GSA Concrete Figure 4.4: The graph of slump test result for CBA Concrete Figure 4.5: The graph of slump test result for SUGAR Concrete Figure 4.6: The graph of slump test result for LP Concrete Figure 4.7: The graph for summary of slump test result for various Concrete AdmixturesFigure 4.8: Th ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle Page Declaration Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Statement of the Problem 1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study 1.3 Justification of the Study 1.4 Scope of the Study CHAPTER TWO 2.0 literature Review 2.1 Concrete ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]While inorganic retardants include; oxide of lead and zinc, phosphates, magnesium salt fluorides, soluble zinc, soluble borates etc.3. Air-entrainers: These are probably the most important group of admixtures. They improve durability of concrete; in particular, it’s resistance effect of frost and de-icing salts. The entrainment of air in the form of very small and stable bubbles can be achieved by using framing agents based on natural wood resins, animal or vegetable fat an ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 8 ]CHAPTER THREE3.0 PROJECT METHODOLOGY For successful accomplishment of the aims and objectives of this project the following methods are applied.i. Market survey for the most commonly used cement was carried out and it was found that elephant and dangote cement are the most commonly used in the locality due to their availability in the market all time.ii. Text books, internet and some experienced practicing engineer are consulted in order to obtain relevant and detailed ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 16 ]D10 = 1.686μmm = 0.169mmD30 = 273.6μmm = 0.274mmD60 = 503.75μmm =0.504mmi. The effective grain size; i.e. D10 = 0.169mmii. Uniformity coefficient, Cu = = = 2.98iii. Coefficient of curvature, Cc = = = = 0.88D10 = 7.6mmD30 = 12.8mm D60 = 15.2mmi. The effective grain size; i.e. D10 = 7.6mm ii. Uniformity coefficient, Cu = = = 2.0iii. Coefficient of curvature, Cc = = = =1.42 ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 CONCLUSION Based on the results of this investigation, the following conclusion is drawn; Admixtures affect properties of concrete like its slump value, density, compressive strength, etc. Admixtures generally decrease the slump value of concrete which in turns decrease the workability of the concrete, since normal concrete(0% concrete) has a slump value of between 55-60mm while concrete with admixture has slump value lesser ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCEAkogu Elijah Abalaka (2011): ‘Effects of Sugar on Physical Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement Paste and Concrete.Albadan B.A, M.A Olutoye, M.S Abolarin & M. Zakariya (2005): ‘Partial Replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)with Bambara Groundnut Shell Ash (BGSA) in Concrete. Leonard Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies. Issues 6, pp. 43 – 48, January – June 2005. Aribisala, O.J & Bamisaye, A.J (2006): ‘Via ... Continue reading---
