-
The Effect Of Admixtures On Properties Of Co`ncrete
[CASE STUDIES OF SUGAR, COW BONE ASH, GROUDNUT SHELL ASH, AND LIME STONE POWDER]
CHAPTER TWO -- [Total Page(s) 6]
Page 1 of 6
-
-
-
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
According to Wazumtu and Ogork in the year 2015, February, did a research on the topic “Assessment of Groundnut shell ash(GSA) as admixture in cement paste and concreteâ€. The effects of GSA on cement paste and concrete were investigated for addition of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6% respectively by weight of cement.
The result of the investigations showed that GSA was predominantly of calcium oxide (24.10%), potassium oxide (21.90%) and combined SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 content of 29.04%. The addition of GSA in cement or concrete decreased drying shrinkage, slump and water absorption; but increased consistency, initial and final setting times and could be used as a retarder. Also GSA addition showed increase in compressive strength, with an optimum of 4% GSA and that the used of GSA in concrete also offered a better resistance to sulphuric acid environment.
According to Beeralinge and Gundakalle in the year 2013, September, on the topic “The effect of addition of limestone powder on the properties of self-compacting concreteâ€. In this study, cement content in the self-compacting concrete(SCC) mix is replaced with various percentages of limestone powder(LP) (0 to 30%), the fresh and hardened properties and also the durability characteristics of SCC such as acid attack and chloride attack are studied. The experimental results were validated by regression analysis. It is observed that limestone powder can be effectively used as a mineral admixture in SCC.
According to Akinleye, Adekunle and Ogundaini in the year 2016 , November. On the topic ‘The effect of Partial Placement of Cement with Bone Ash and Wood Ash in Concrete’ cement was partially replaced in concrete at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% with both bone and wood ashes. Chemical analysis was carried out on both the wood and bone ashes in order to determine their pozzolanic properties while compressure strength test was conducted on the concrete obtained from both cement replacements. The chemical analysis revealed that the bone ash is a better pozzolanic when compared to the wood ash. The compressive strength test showed that the wood ash is not a good material for replacing cement in concrete, while 10% of bone ash can partially replace cement in concrete 28 days compressive test.
Oyekan (2007), successful worked on improving the compressive strength of concrete block by the addition of sugar 0.1% sugar content (by weight of cement). The 28 days strength of the blocks was increased by only 9% but the 14days strength of the block was increased by only 9% but the 14days strength of the bodies was increased by 56.6%.
Akogun (2011), a successful work on sugar at concentration at 0.05% by weight of sugar content were taken on the cement paste with C33 concrete cunning at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days was investigated by use of ordinary Portland cement. The compressive strength test results show some marginal strength gains at all ages but peak at 11.84% at 3 days at 0.05%.
2.1 CONCRETE IN PRACTICE
Jackson and Dhir (1988), concrete is a composite material with the properties that change with time. During service, the quality of concrete provided by initial curing can be proved by subsequent wetting as in the case of foundation or water retaining structures. However, concrete can also deteriorate with time due to physical and chemical attacks.
TYPES OF CONCRETE
i. Normal concrete
ii. High-strength concrete
iii. High performance concrete
iv. Air-entrainment concrete
v. Light weight concrete
vi. Self compacting concrete
The strength of concrete is influenced by the following factors;
i. Quality of raw material
ii. Water – cement ratio
iii. Type, proportion, grading of aggregate used
iv. Type and proportion of cement
v. Water content
vi. Addition of admixture
vii. Age of concrete
viii. Creep
ix. Segregation
x. Shrinkage
xi. Bleeding
xii. Compaction of concrete
CHAPTER TWO -- [Total Page(s) 6]
Page 1 of 6
-
-
ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT The project titled “The effect of admixtures on properties of concrete: case study of sugar, cow bone ash, groundnut shell ash, and lime stone powder†was carried out with the aim of knowing the effect the of the various types of admixtures used on the properties of concrete, in term of the workability of concrete, durability of concrete and the concrete strength. The material used are cow bone ash, groundnut shell ash, sugar and lime stone powder. The cow bone was sou ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1: Data Analysis for Fine Aggregates (Sand) Table 4.2: Data Analysis for Coarse Aggregate (Granite) Table 4.3: Slump Test Result for GSA Concrete Table 4.4: Slump Test Result for CBA Concrete Table 4.5: Slump Test Result for Sugar Concrete Table 4.6: Slump Test Result for LP Concrete Table 4.7: Summary of Slump Test Result for Various Concrete Admixtures Table 4.8: Compressive Strength Test Result of Normal Concrete Table 4.9: Compressive Strength Test ... Continue reading---
LIST OF PLATES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF PLATESPlate 3.1: Groundnut Shell and Cow Bone Plate 3.2: Burning of Groundnut Shell and Cow Bone Plate 3.3: Cow bone ash, Groundnut shell ash, Limestone powder and Sugar. Plate 3.4: Batching of Concrete Plate 3.5: Type of Slump Plate 36: Cube Production Plate 3.7: Curing of Cubes Plate 3.8: Crushing Machine ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFigure 4.1: The graph of sieve analysis for Fine Aggregate (Sand) Figure 4.2: The graph of sieve analysis for Coarse Aggregate (Granite). Figure 4.3: The graph of slump test result for GSA Concrete Figure 4.4: The graph of slump test result for CBA Concrete Figure 4.5: The graph of slump test result for SUGAR Concrete Figure 4.6: The graph of slump test result for LP Concrete Figure 4.7: The graph for summary of slump test result for various Concrete AdmixturesFigure 4.8: Th ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle Page Declaration Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Statement of the Problem 1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study 1.3 Justification of the Study 1.4 Scope of the Study CHAPTER TWO 2.0 literature Review 2.1 Concrete ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0. INTRODUCTION The importance of understanding various types of materials used in Civil Engineering is widely recognized. There has been tremendous increase in the latest research and practical achievement to improve on concrete technology. Free exchange for technical know ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 8 ]CHAPTER THREE3.0 PROJECT METHODOLOGY For successful accomplishment of the aims and objectives of this project the following methods are applied.i. Market survey for the most commonly used cement was carried out and it was found that elephant and dangote cement are the most commonly used in the locality due to their availability in the market all time.ii. Text books, internet and some experienced practicing engineer are consulted in order to obtain relevant and detailed ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 16 ]D10 = 1.686μmm = 0.169mmD30 = 273.6μmm = 0.274mmD60 = 503.75μmm =0.504mmi. The effective grain size; i.e. D10 = 0.169mmii. Uniformity coefficient, Cu = = = 2.98iii. Coefficient of curvature, Cc = = = = 0.88D10 = 7.6mmD30 = 12.8mm D60 = 15.2mmi. The effective grain size; i.e. D10 = 7.6mm ii. Uniformity coefficient, Cu = = = 2.0iii. Coefficient of curvature, Cc = = = =1.42 ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 CONCLUSION Based on the results of this investigation, the following conclusion is drawn; Admixtures affect properties of concrete like its slump value, density, compressive strength, etc. Admixtures generally decrease the slump value of concrete which in turns decrease the workability of the concrete, since normal concrete(0% concrete) has a slump value of between 55-60mm while concrete with admixture has slump value lesser ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCEAkogu Elijah Abalaka (2011): ‘Effects of Sugar on Physical Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement Paste and Concrete.Albadan B.A, M.A Olutoye, M.S Abolarin & M. Zakariya (2005): ‘Partial Replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)with Bambara Groundnut Shell Ash (BGSA) in Concrete. Leonard Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies. Issues 6, pp. 43 – 48, January – June 2005. Aribisala, O.J & Bamisaye, A.J (2006): ‘Via ... Continue reading---
