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The Effect Of Admixtures On Properties Of Co`ncrete
[CASE STUDIES OF SUGAR, COW BONE ASH, GROUDNUT SHELL ASH, AND LIME STONE POWDER]
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2.3.2 Sugar
According to Annals of Faculty Engineering Hundeoara – International Journal of Engineering (Tome xiv (2016) – Fascicule 4 (November). Describes sugar as a white crystalline solid that is easily schedule in water and easily available in market. Sugar can be use in the concrete production as an admixture by adding it into concrete mix base on percentage (say 5%, 10% and 15%) by weight of cement.
Sugar is a water soluble crystalline mono or polysaccharide C12 H22 OH is disaccharide which can be split as shown below by hydrolysis
C12 H22 011 + H20 C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Sucrose Water Glucose Fructose
2.3.3 Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)
Industrialisation in developing countries has resulted to increase in agricultural output and consequent accumulation or unmanageable waste. Groundnut shell is a waste from agricultural product which is usually burnt, dumped or left to delay naturally. It constitutes about 25% of the total pod (Shell and Seeds) mass and may be a nuisance to both health and environment when not properly disposed, these may create large amount of coasts by – product that must be transported away and stored in landfills.
The pollution a rising from such waste is a cause of concern for many developing nations such as Nigeria.
The use of admixture in concrete is necessary in situations where there is a need to enhance the properties of either fresh or hardened concrete or both for a particular purpose. In most situations the realization of such improvement can only be achieved effectively and more rapidly when appropriate admixtures are used.
The choice to investigate into use of GSA as admixture in cement paste and concrete may serve as a cheaper alternative to that if conventional admixtures, with a consequent reduction in the cost of construction and also as a means of addressing the environmental pollution caused by the accumulation of the waste.
Groundnut shell was sourced from Oja Oba, Ilorin West Local Government Area.The Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) was obtained by controlled burning of the shell in an incinerator to a temperature of 600oc and after cooling was sieved through a 75nm sieve and characterized.
The GSA obtain was packed in ploythene bags to prevent water absorption and for water proofing and stored in a cool and dry place.
2.3.4 Cowbone Ash (CBA)
Cow – Bone causes serious disposal problem and continue to accumulate at increasing rates, which if not properly managed, the bone will create increasing environmental problems. For this reason, utilization of the bone as sustainable material in concrete production would help to preserve natural resources and maintain ecological balance. Many studies have been conducted to determine the mechanical properties of both fresh and hardened concrete partially replaced with cow – bone ash.
Cow – Bone was obtained from the abattoir of Abubaka Olushola Saraki along Sobi road, Akerebiata, Ilorin, Kwara State. The cow bones were sun dried after careful separation from flesh, tissues and fats. The ash was obtained from burning cow bone at a temperature of 900oc in a control furnace only the organic matter was destroyed leaving a mass of bone salt. The mass of bone salt was allowed to cool before reducing to a fine powder using mortar and piston. The reduced fine powder was further passed though 75mm size sieve to obtain finer particles, the ash was ashy in colour. The fraction passing though 75mm was packed in polythene bags to prevent water absorption and for water proofing and stored in a cool dry place.
2.4 MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE
2.4.1 Aggregates
Yusuf (2015), said aggregate can be define as a granular material for mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shell, slag or crushed stone, used with a cementing medium to form mortar concrete or alone as a base course etc. Approximately three – fourth of the volume of conventional concrete is occupied by aggregate consisting of such materials as sand, gravel, crushed rock or air – cooled blast – furnace slag. It is necessary that a constituent occupying such a large percentage of the mass should contribute greater strength to both plastic and hardened product.
Aggregate are classified into
i. Fine aggregate
ii. Coarse aggregate
iii. All in aggregate
a. Fine aggregate: These are aggregate whose particles pass though 4.75mm mesh and entirely retrained in 0.15mm mesh. Most commonly use fine aggregate are sand, stone, dust, ashes etc.
b. Coarse aggregate: These are aggregates whose particle sizes are bigger 4.75mm but smaller than 3.75mm example granite, gravel, brick blast.
c. All – in-aggregate: this is the combination of both fine and coarse aggregate. Material between 0.06mmm and 0.002mm is classified as silt and particle smaller than slit are termed clay.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT The project titled “The effect of admixtures on properties of concrete: case study of sugar, cow bone ash, groundnut shell ash, and lime stone powder†was carried out with the aim of knowing the effect the of the various types of admixtures used on the properties of concrete, in term of the workability of concrete, durability of concrete and the concrete strength. The material used are cow bone ash, groundnut shell ash, sugar and lime stone powder. The cow bone was sou ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1: Data Analysis for Fine Aggregates (Sand) Table 4.2: Data Analysis for Coarse Aggregate (Granite) Table 4.3: Slump Test Result for GSA Concrete Table 4.4: Slump Test Result for CBA Concrete Table 4.5: Slump Test Result for Sugar Concrete Table 4.6: Slump Test Result for LP Concrete Table 4.7: Summary of Slump Test Result for Various Concrete Admixtures Table 4.8: Compressive Strength Test Result of Normal Concrete Table 4.9: Compressive Strength Test ... Continue reading---
LIST OF PLATES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF PLATESPlate 3.1: Groundnut Shell and Cow Bone Plate 3.2: Burning of Groundnut Shell and Cow Bone Plate 3.3: Cow bone ash, Groundnut shell ash, Limestone powder and Sugar. Plate 3.4: Batching of Concrete Plate 3.5: Type of Slump Plate 36: Cube Production Plate 3.7: Curing of Cubes Plate 3.8: Crushing Machine ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFigure 4.1: The graph of sieve analysis for Fine Aggregate (Sand) Figure 4.2: The graph of sieve analysis for Coarse Aggregate (Granite). Figure 4.3: The graph of slump test result for GSA Concrete Figure 4.4: The graph of slump test result for CBA Concrete Figure 4.5: The graph of slump test result for SUGAR Concrete Figure 4.6: The graph of slump test result for LP Concrete Figure 4.7: The graph for summary of slump test result for various Concrete AdmixturesFigure 4.8: Th ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle Page Declaration Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Statement of the Problem 1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study 1.3 Justification of the Study 1.4 Scope of the Study CHAPTER TWO 2.0 literature Review 2.1 Concrete ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0. INTRODUCTION The importance of understanding various types of materials used in Civil Engineering is widely recognized. There has been tremendous increase in the latest research and practical achievement to improve on concrete technology. Free exchange for technical know ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 8 ]CHAPTER THREE3.0 PROJECT METHODOLOGY For successful accomplishment of the aims and objectives of this project the following methods are applied.i. Market survey for the most commonly used cement was carried out and it was found that elephant and dangote cement are the most commonly used in the locality due to their availability in the market all time.ii. Text books, internet and some experienced practicing engineer are consulted in order to obtain relevant and detailed ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 16 ]D10 = 1.686μmm = 0.169mmD30 = 273.6μmm = 0.274mmD60 = 503.75μmm =0.504mmi. The effective grain size; i.e. D10 = 0.169mmii. Uniformity coefficient, Cu = = = 2.98iii. Coefficient of curvature, Cc = = = = 0.88D10 = 7.6mmD30 = 12.8mm D60 = 15.2mmi. The effective grain size; i.e. D10 = 7.6mm ii. Uniformity coefficient, Cu = = = 2.0iii. Coefficient of curvature, Cc = = = =1.42 ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 CONCLUSION Based on the results of this investigation, the following conclusion is drawn; Admixtures affect properties of concrete like its slump value, density, compressive strength, etc. Admixtures generally decrease the slump value of concrete which in turns decrease the workability of the concrete, since normal concrete(0% concrete) has a slump value of between 55-60mm while concrete with admixture has slump value lesser ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCEAkogu Elijah Abalaka (2011): ‘Effects of Sugar on Physical Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement Paste and Concrete.Albadan B.A, M.A Olutoye, M.S Abolarin & M. Zakariya (2005): ‘Partial Replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)with Bambara Groundnut Shell Ash (BGSA) in Concrete. Leonard Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies. Issues 6, pp. 43 – 48, January – June 2005. Aribisala, O.J & Bamisaye, A.J (2006): ‘Via ... Continue reading---
