• Underground Reservoir In Nigeria: Problem And Prospects
    [A CASE STUDY OF SOUTH EAST GEOPOLITICAL ZONE]

  • CHAPTER ONE -- [Total Page(s) 2]

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    • 1.1 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY

      The problem of solid wastes and its effect on the quality of underground reservoir is now the focus of attention all over the world. The problem of waste generation in the country in the recent past had been quite tremendous, necessitating the need for this project.

      In fact, the presence of wastes scattered all over cities and towns and even in our institutions of higher learning is a threat to health and embarrassment to the pleasant standard expected of these areas. The menace of solid waste generation is most prominent in developed and industrialized countries; this is because complexity of generated waste is directly proportional to development in science and technology. Construction and operation of land filling material, recovery system, and incineration systems have become very costly.

      It is noteworthy that the urban populace generates more wastes than the rural areas. This is because of the various forms of commercial and industrial activities going on in cities and which have brought an increase in the volume and diversity of waste generated daily in the country.  These have some great effects on underground reservoir consumption (borehole and well).

      It is therefore believed that in consumption of underground reservoir such as bore hole and well water, certain tests are needed to be carried out before consumption in regulation with the principles of World Health Organization. These tests are: 

      I. PH Test

      II. Total caliform  test

      III. Test for nitrate [No3-N]
      IV. Aerobic and sulphate reducing bacteria.

      These tests are the most important tests carried out to know the physical, chemical and biological effects of solid wastes on underground reservoir before it could be suitable for consumption. In additional, wastes are such items which people are required to discard. It can be defined as unavoidable material resulting from an activity which has no immediate economic demand and must be disposed off .Items such as household rubbish, sewage sludge, waste from manufacturing can give to a large variety of different wastes from different sources. Wastes are generated everyday in all parts of the world (Oluwande 1973). This mainly made up of waste coming from household , commercial activities ( e.g shops, restaurant, hospital), industry (e.g pharmaceutical companies, clothes manufacturers e.t.c), agriculture (slurry) construction and demolition projects, mining and quarrying activities and from the generation of energy . With such vast quantities of wastes being produced, It is of vital importance that it is managed in such a way that does not cause any harm to either human health or to the environment.


      1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

      (i) To know the physical, chemical and biological effect of solid wastes on underground reservoir and determine the amount of wastes within the study areas.

      (ii) To determine whether the water pollutions have dangerous effect on the people and animals in the areas of study environment. 


      1.3 OBJECTIVES

      1. To prevent all individuals, relevant organizations, researchers from drinking underground reservoir that is very closed to dumping areas in order to avoid deadly diseases.
      2. To inform the people on the hazard and result of wastes on their health from drinking underground reservoir especially those that are very close to the dumping areas in other to prevent untimely death.

      3. To educate people on the negative effects of water pollution on health


      1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

      In South East Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria with thirty local governments, only one town was explored by the researcher. The town is Enugu.

      Enugu is the capital of Enugu State in Nigeria. It is located in southeastern Nigeria. The city had a population of 722,664 according to the 2006 Nigerian census. The name Enugu is derived from the two Igbo words Énú Ụ́gwụ́, meaning "hill top", denoting the city's hilly geography. According to the 2006 Nigerian census, the Enugu metropolitan area has an estimated population of 722,664. This estimate along with population estimates of other Nigerian cities have been disputed with accusations of population inflation and deflation in favour of the northern part of the country. The population of Enugu is predominantly Christian, as is the rest of southeastern Nigeria. Like the rest of Nigeria most people in Enugu speak Nigerian English alongside the dominant language in the region. In this case the dominant language is Igbo. Nigerian English, or pidgin (a mix of English and indigenous words) is often used because of ethnic diversity and sometimes because of the diversity of dialects in the Igbo language. In cultural and linguistic terms Enugu is within the Northern cluster of the Igbo region which includes other towns such as Owo, Nike, Agbani, and cities like Awka and Nsukka. Water is a scarce resource in Enugu. The major way residents get water is by drilling boreholes into the ground but the presence of shale underground makes it difficult to drill through. This is made hard to do due to the presence of shale underground which makes it difficult to drill through. Another reason for this is the Coal formation all though the state. A solution to this will be to harvest surface water from streams.

      1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

      There are some certain tests which should be performed, these are , Aerobic Test, Pathogen Screen Test, etc. But due to the time factor, money and some facilities which are needed but are not present at hand, these tests could not be carried by the researcher.


      1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

      1. PERCOLATION: Percolation can be defined as the slow passage of a liquid through a filtrating medium. It is also known as the process of water seepage through the soil.

      2. INFILTRATION: The process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil

      3. LEACHATE: It is any liquid that in passing through matter, extracts, solutes, suspended solids or other components, of the material through which it has passed.
      4. HAZARDOUS WASTES: These are wastes that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or environments

      5. AQUIFERS: These are underground layers of porous rocks or sand that allow the movement of water between layers of non-porous rocks (sand stone, gravel or fractured lime stone or granite).

      6. WASTE PREVENTION: It is the method of eliminating waste at source  and reducing the demand on natural or origin resources.
      7. WASTE RE-USE: It is the method of using a waste product from one process as a raw material to form another.
      8. WASTE RECYCLES: This is the method of breaking down the waste items into raw material. 


       


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    • ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]This research paper examines the problem and prospects of underground reservoir in Nigeria (a case study of south east geopolitical zone). The study was born out of unregulated manner in which both domestic and industrial wastes are deposited on the streets, river courses, buried, burnt and discarded in refuse heaps affecting underground reservoir. Solid waste commonly generated in south east geopolitical zone includes papers and polyethene, tin and metals, ashes and dust, texture and rags, alum ... Continue reading---