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THE EFFECT OF WATER/CEMENT RATIO ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF PALM KERNEL SHELL CONCRETE AT 1:2:4 NOMINAL MIX
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APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 2 ] ... Continue Reading
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0 INTRODUCTION Concrete is a composite engineering material made from the mixtures of cement, water, fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregates (such as crushed stones or rocks and granite) and a small amount of air in a specific proportion that hardens to a strong bony substance or become ossified. The cement always serves as a binder for the aggregate.The uniqueness quality of concrete makes it desirable as a building material, because it can be moulded into virtually any shape or form. Concrete provides a wide latitude in surface textures, such as large buildings, b ... Continue Reading
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]The water to cement ratio, or w/c ratio, largely determines the strength and durability of the concrete when it is cured properly. The w/c ratio refers to the ratio of the weights of water and cement used in the concrete mix. A w/c ratio of 0.4 means that for every 100 lbs of cement used in the concrete, 40 lbs of water is added. For ordinary concrete (sidewalks and driveways), a w/c ratio of 0.6 to 0.7 is considered normal. A lower w/c ratio of 0.4 is generally specified if a higher quality concrete is desired. The practical range of the w/c ratio is from about 0.3 to over 0.8. A ratio of 0.3 ... Continue Reading
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]CHAPTER THREE3.0 METHODOLOGYFor better achievement of this project, the following stages are ensured:ï¶ COLLECTION OF MATERIALS The materials comprises of cement, sand, palm kernel shell and water. Palm kernel shell was obtained from a local palm kernel producing village Oko, Irepodun LGA, Kwara State Nigeria.ï¶ PREPARATION OF PALM KERNEL SHELL (PKS)Due to high water absorption of palm kernel shells, it is mandatory to soak the aggregate for about 30 minutes. It is also proper to remove dust, oil and other mud particles which may be present and stuck to the surf ... Continue Reading
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS4.1 Properties of Palm Kernel Shell {PKS}Results of the study from table 4.1 and figure 4.1 shows that the sieve analysis of PKS and the trend of the percentage cumulative weight retained increases as the sieve sizes decrease. The specific gravity of PKS was found to be 1.37 [Table 4.2] which [Okpala; 1990] classified as light weight aggregate.The water absorption capacity was found to be 10% [Table 4.3]. This value was considered in the design of mix in other to achieve the appropriate nominal mix to avoid excess use of water in concrete mixes.Th ... Continue Reading
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 CONCLUSIONi. The result of the physical properties obtained show that PKS can be used as partial or complete aggregate substitution for lightweight structural concrete at 1:2:4 nominal mix.ii. The compression strength increases with advancement of age but decreases with increase in water cement ratios. That is, at w/c ratio of 0.3 the compressive strength is 6.5N/mm2 at 28 days while at w/c ratio of 0.5, it is 3.99N/mm2 at 28 days.iii. The compressive strength growth rate is high at low w/c ratios.iv. Compress ... Continue Reading
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCENeville, A.M. (1996). “Properties of Concreteâ€. Longman Group Limited, London.Okafor, F.O. (1988). “Palm Kernel Shell as Aggregate for Concreteâ€. Cement Concrete Research Vol. 18, No 6, pp. 901-910.Okpala, D.C. (1990). “Palm Kernel Shell as a Lightweight Aggregate in concreteâ€. Building and Environment 25, pp. 291-296Olanipekun, E.A., Oluola, K.O., and Ata, O. (2006). “A comparative Study of Concrete Properties Using Coconut Shell and Palm Kernel Shell as Coarse Aggregatesâ€. Build. Environ. 41:pp. 297-301Teo, D.C.L., Mannan, M.A., and ... Continue Reading
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