-
The Effect Of Water/cement Ratio On Compressive Strength Of Palm Kernel Shell Concrete At 1:2:4 Nominal Mix
-
-
-
REFERENCE
Neville, A.M. (1996). “Properties of Concreteâ€. Longman Group Limited, London.
Okafor, F.O. (1988). “Palm Kernel Shell as Aggregate for Concreteâ€. Cement Concrete Research Vol. 18, No 6, pp. 901-910.
Okpala, D.C. (1990). “Palm Kernel Shell as a Lightweight Aggregate in concreteâ€. Building and Environment 25, pp. 291-296
Olanipekun, E.A., Oluola, K.O., and Ata, O. (2006). “A comparative Study of Concrete Properties Using Coconut Shell and Palm Kernel Shell as Coarse Aggregatesâ€. Build. Environ. 41:pp. 297-301
Teo, D.C.L., Mannan, M.A., and Kurian, J.V. (2006). “flexural Behavior of Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Beams Made with Oil Palm Shell (OPS)â€. J.Adv
BS 812-112:1990. (200). “Testing Aggregates Method for Determination of Aggregate impact Value (AIV)â€. British Standards Institution.
BS 8110: Part 1. (1997). “Structural use of Concrete Code of Practice for Design and Constructionâ€. British Standards Institutio. London, UK.
BS EN 12390 – 3. (2002). “Testing Hardened Concrete - part 3: Compressive Strength of Test Specimensâ€. British Standards Institution.
Jummat, M.Z., Alengaram, U.J., and Mahmud, H. (2009). “Shear Strength of Oil Palm Shell Foamed Concrete Beamsâ€. Materials And Design. Vol.33, No.6, pp.2227-2236.
Mahmud, H., Jumaat, M.Z., and Alengaram, U.J. (2009). “Influence of Sand/ Cement ratio on Mechanical properties of Palm Kernel Shell Concreteâ€. J. Appl. Sci. 9:pp.1764-1769.
Mannan, M.A., Basri, H.B., Zain, M.F.M., and Islam, M.N. (2002). “Effect of Curing Conditions Shell as coarse Aggregateâ€. Const. Building Mat. Vol. 16, No 1, pp.29-34.
Microsoft Corporation. (2009). “Concrete Constructionâ€. (Microsoft Encarta . Accessed on 9th November, 2012).
Ndoke, P.N. (2006). “Performance of Palm Kernel as a Partial Replacement for Coarse Aggregates in Asphalt Concreteâ€. Leonardo Elec.J. Prac. Tec. 9:pp.145-152.
Abdullah, A.A. (1984). “Basic Strength Properties of Lightweight Concrete Using Agricultural Wastes as Aggregatesâ€. Proceeding of International Conference on low-Cost Housing for Developing Countries. Roorkee, India.
Alengaram, U.J., Jumaat, M.Z. and Mahmud, H. (2008). “Ductility Behavior of Reinforced Palm Kernel Shell Concrete Beamsâ€. European Journal of Scientific Research. Vol. 23, No 3, pp.460-420
Alengaram, U.J., Jumaat, M.Z. and Mahmud, H. (2008a). “influence of cementation Materials and Aggregate Content on Compressive strength of Palm Kernel Shell Concreteâ€. J. Appl. Sci 8: 3207-3213.
Alengaram, U.J., Jumaat, M.Z. and Shirazi, S.M. (2010). “effect OF Aggregate Size and Proportion on strength Properties of Palm kernel shell Concreteâ€. International Journal of the Physical Science. Vol. 5, No 12, pp.1848-1856.
ASTM C 136 (2003). “Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregatesâ€. Annual Book of ASTM Standards.
Ata, O., Olanipekun, E.A. and Oluola, K.O. (2006). “A Comparative Study of Concrete Properties Using Coconut Shell as coarse Aggregatesâ€. Building and Environment. Vol. 41, pp.297-301
Bitrus, E.A. (2010). “Behavior of Lightweight Concrete Containing Palm Oil Shell as Coarse Aggregatesâ€. University Technologi Malaysia. Pp. 24-28.
-
-
-
ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT IS COMING SOON ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 2 ] ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0 INTRODUCTION Concrete is a composite engineering material made from the mixtures of cement, water, fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregates (such as crushed stones or rocks and granite) and a small amount of air in a specific proportion that hardens to a strong bony substance or become ossified. The cement always serves as a binder for the aggregate.The uniqueness quality of concrete makes it desirable as a building material, because it can be moulded into virtually ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]The water to cement ratio, or w/c ratio, largely determines the strength and durability of the concrete when it is cured properly. The w/c ratio refers to the ratio of the weights of water and cement used in the concrete mix. A w/c ratio of 0.4 means that for every 100 lbs of cement used in the concrete, 40 lbs of water is added. For ordinary concrete (sidewalks and driveways), a w/c ratio of 0.6 to 0.7 is considered normal. A lower w/c ratio of 0.4 is generally specified if a higher quality con ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]CHAPTER THREE3.0 METHODOLOGYFor better achievement of this project, the following stages are ensured:ï¶ COLLECTION OF MATERIALS The materials comprises of cement, sand, palm kernel shell and water. Palm kernel shell was obtained from a local palm kernel producing village Oko, Irepodun LGA, Kwara State Nigeria.ï¶ PREPARATION OF PALM KERNEL SHELL (PKS)Due to high water absorption of palm kernel shells, it is mandatory to soak the aggregate for about 30 minutes. It i ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS4.1 Properties of Palm Kernel Shell {PKS}Results of the study from table 4.1 and figure 4.1 shows that the sieve analysis of PKS and the trend of the percentage cumulative weight retained increases as the sieve sizes decrease. The specific gravity of PKS was found to be 1.37 [Table 4.2] which [Okpala; 1990] classified as light weight aggregate.The water absorption capacity was found to be 10% [Table 4.3]. This value was considered in the design of m ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 CONCLUSIONi. The result of the physical properties obtained show that PKS can be used as partial or complete aggregate substitution for lightweight structural concrete at 1:2:4 nominal mix.ii. The compression strength increases with advancement of age but decreases with increase in water cement ratios. That is, at w/c ratio of 0.3 the compressive strength is 6.5N/mm2 at 28 days while at w/c ratio of 0.5, it is 3.99N/mm2 at ... Continue reading---
-
ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT IS COMING SOON ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES -- [Total Page(s) 1]
Page 1 of 1
REFRENCES -- [Total Page(s) 1]
Page 1 of 1