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Investigation On The Characteristics Of Cornstalk Ash Blended Cement
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
vii. Background to the study
Various blends of cement utilized in construction are portrayed by their physical properties. Some key parameters control the nature and quality of cement. The physical properties of good cement are based on; Fineness of cement, Soundness, Consistency, Strength, Setting time, Heat of hydration, Loss of ignition, Bulk density, Specific gravity (Relative density). In addition, cement has a very high cost in many developing countries like Nigeria and its usage cannot be sustained. The need for moderate structure materials in giving satisfactory lodging to people of the world has turned into the real worry of researchers.The expense of traditional structure materials keep on expanding as most of the populace keeps on falling beneath the destitution line. This consequently requires the look for elective neighborhood materials as aggregate or fractional swap for concrete (Adesanya and Raheem, 2009; Akinwumi and Aidomojie, 2015; Raheem &Adedokun 2017). The research has led to the discovery of the potentials of using industrial by-products and agricultural wastes as replacement of some cement materials.Agricultural and industrial wastes possess pozzolanic properties used in cement replacement.The application of agro and industrial wastes in the production of cement is an environmentally friendly method of disposal of large amounts of substances that would have constituted pollution to land, water and air. The agricultural and industrial wastes that possessed pozzolanic characteristics and which had been studied and applied as partial replacements for cement are Rice husk ash [6-9], Corn cob ash [4, 10-12], Waste burnt clay [13-14], Hair fibre [15] and Saw dust ash [16-17]. The saw dust ash (SDA) which has been proven to be a pozzolanic material was used as a partial substitution for OPC in this study. Many researchers have argued that concrete is one of the major materials used for radiation protection in facilities. The radiation protection feature of concrete depends on its components. Cement production is one of the important sources of carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere. CO2, which is a greenhouse gas, contributes about 65% of global warming (Vijayakumar, 2013; Raheem &Adedokun 2017). The high energy demand as well as the emission of carbon dioxide, which caused global warming and depletion of limestone deposits are the major challenges associated with cement production.
In the recent years, there is great interest in replacing a long time used materials in concrete structure by new materials to produce cheaper, harder and durable concrete.Abdelrahman& El-Awney (2015).The raw materials for cement production are limestone (calcium), sand or clay (silicon), bauxite (aluminum) and iron ore, and may include shells, chalk, marl, shale, clay, blast furnace slag, slate. Chemical analysis of cement raw materials provides insight into the chemical properties of cement.
Corn, also known as maize, is one of the most successful cereal grasses of all time. It has been under human cultivation for over 10,000 years and has spread itself into every niche of commercial agriculture (Adesanya, & Raheem (2009). Maize crop started as a subsistence crop in Nigeria and has gradually risen to a commercial crop on which many agro-based industries depend on as raw materials (Iken, and Amusa, 2014).Corn stalk is a waste product obtained from maize plant, which is the major cereal crop produced in sub-Saharan Africa.Therefore, this research investigated the use of Corn stalk as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement in the production of concrete cubes. It includes the determination of the oxide,composition of the CSA, evaluation of the compressive strength, density, water absorption,crushing strength of the concrete and the abrasive resistance of the concrete cubes.
viii. Problem statement
A major challenge in the constructions in the world today is access to good and quality cements with right proportions of its physical properties.The high price of good cement with balance property ratio has made it difficult for people to acquire it, hereby leading to usage of poor quality cement which later affect the construction.This study examined the physical properties of ordinary cements alongside blended cornstalk ash and how it improved the physical properties without unnecessary increase in the cost for effective and standard construction.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT IS COMING SOON ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Appendix D: Concrete cubes after 28days curing. ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1 Chemical Composition of Cornstalk AshTable 4.2 Results for Surface Area, Residue and Expansion Table 4.3 Compressive Strength for Ordinary CementTable 4.4 Compressive Strength of Cornstalk Blended Ash-10Table 4.5 Compressive Strength of Cornstalk Blended Ash-20Table 4.6 Flexural Strength of Ordinary Cement, 10 and 20 Blended CementTable 4.7 Compressive Strength of Ordinary Cement, 10 and 20 Blended Cement ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2.1: Properties of CementFigure 3.1: Corn plantFigure 3.2: Specimen of CornstalkFigure 3.3: Cornstalk AshFigure 4.1: Flexural Strength Graph of Ordinary CementFigure 4.2: Compressive Strength Graph of Cornstalk Blended Ash ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTTitle pageCertificationDedicationAcknowledgement AbstractTable of ContentsList of TablesList of FiguresCHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTIONi. Background to the studyii. Problem statementiii. Aim of the studyiv. Objectives of the studyv. Justificationvi. ScopeCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW2.0.Introduction2.1.Corn and Corn Cultivation2.2.Corn and Corn Stalk2.3.Chemical Composition of Corn Stalk2.4.Corn Stalk Ash blended Cement and Construction Industry2.5.B ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 9 ]Utilization of high-silica corn husk ash (HSCA) as a SCM has the potential to benefit the environment, as well as corn and cement producers. Corn biomass normally left to degrade in the field can now become a commodity. Cellulose-based ethanol production facilities produce the bio-fuel from corn biomass without removing the silica necessary for use as a SCM. The current socio-economic climate in the world requires engineers to consider nontraditional materials to help minimize environmental impa ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]In order to get the corn stalk, the leaves and sheaths were removed to expose the stalk. The stalks with a straight stem, free from pest and disease, without insect bites, without apparent defects on the surface of the stems, and with uniform color were selected. The mean length of the corn stalks was 2100mm, the pitch of corn stalk was taken artificially and made into a column shape for use as test specimen with a cross-section of 10mm by 10mm and a length of 100-150mm. Figure 3.2 shows the cor ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]CHAPTER FOURRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONCorn stalk ash (CSA) is not a good pozzolanic material, since it has the combined percentage composition of silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) of 18.78%, which is less than 70%. It therefore does not satisfy the requirement for use as a pozzolana according to ASTM C618(2005). ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION5.0 CONCLUSIONSThis study has dealt tremendously on the investigation of the characteristics of cornstalk ash blended cement. The findings of this research has led to the following conclusions:• The study revealed that Corn stalk ash (CSA) is not a good pozzolanic material because it does not satisfy the standard specified by ASTM C618(2005).• The compressive strength of the concrete cubes increased with curing period and amou ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Technical Paper for Industrial Technologies Programme.Rashad, A.: Cementitious materials and agricultural wastes as natural fine aggregate replacement inconventional mortar and concrete. In: Journal of Building Engineering 5 (2016), p. 119–141. SR EN 12350-6:2010: Testing fresh concrete, Part 6: Density. SR EN 12390-3:2009/AC:2011: Testing hardened concrete, Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens.SR EN 12390-5:2009: Testing hardened concrete, Part 5: Flexural strength of test spec ... Continue reading---
