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Investigation On The Characteristics Of Cornstalk Ash Blended Cement
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0. Introduction
This chapter comprises the review of related study that has been undertaken on corn stalk ash blended cement. The chapter explains the key constructs of the study in line with the dependent and independent variables of the research project topic. This chapter is however discussed under the following sub headings:
2.1.Corn and Corn Cultivation
2.2.Corn and Corn Stalk
2.3.Chemical Composition of Corn Stalk
2.4.Corn Stalk Ash blended Cement and Construction Industry
2.5.Brief description of Cement
2.6.Chemical Properties of Cement
2.7.Lafarge Cement
2.8.The Need for Corn Stalk Ash Blended Cement
2.9.Empirical Study
Corn and Corn Cultivation
Nigeria is currently the tenth largest producer of maize in the world, and the largest maize producer in Africa (IITA, 2012). It is estimated that seventy percent of farmers are smallholders accounting for 90 percent of total farm output (Cadini, P and Angelucci F, 2013). Maize crop started as a subsistence crop in Nigeria and has gradually risen to a commercial crop on which many agro-based industries depend on as raw materials (Iken, and Amusa, 2014). Maize is most productive in the middle and Northern belts of Nigeria, where sunshine is adequate and rainfall is moderate (Obi, 1991).
Corn or maize (Zea mays ssp. mays L.) is a crop cultivated worldwide mainly for food, feed and bioenergy (Solomon, Birchler, Goldman, & Zhang, 2014), yet a substantial fraction of the plant remains unused or underused. Corn stover is the above-ground residue that remains after corn kernels are harvested. It consists of stalks and leaves, and makes up about half of the total biomass yield of a corn crop (Glassner, Hettenhaus, Schechinger, 1992). It is usually left in the fields and must be plowed under to prepare the land for the next crop. Farmers can collect it and use it as fodder for ruminants during the winter season, as litter for livestock, as a fuel source for production of bioenergy or as feedstock for bioproducts, fermentation to cellulosic ethanol, fibers, etc.
Maize is becoming the miracle seed for Nigerias agricultural and economic development. It has established itself as a very significant component of the farming system and determines the cropping pattern of the predominantly peasant farmers, especially in the Northern States (Ahmed, 1996). Maize has been of great importance in providing food for man, feed for livestock and raw materials for some agro-based industries. Maize constitutes a stable food in many regions of the world. It is a basic stable for large population groups particularly in developing countries (FAO and ILO, 1997). Wikipedia (2006), reported that maize is hydrolyzed and enzymatically treated to produce syrups, particularly high fructose corn syrup, a sweetener and in some cases fermented and distilled to produce grain alcohol which is traditionally the source of bourbon whisky. Sweet corn is a genetic variation that is high in sugars and low in starch that is served like a vegetable. Another common food made from maize is corn flakes. Maize is used as meal pap in Africa, corn bread is made from maize. Maize is still an important model organism for genetic and develops mental biology to date. Doebley (1994), reported that maize can be boiled or roasted on the cob, the grains can be cooked fresh or dry and the dry grain can be made into pop corn (guguru) and eaten with roasted groundnuts. Maize is one of the most abundant food crops in Nigeria. About 80% is consumed by man and animals while 20% is utilized in variety of industries processes for production of starch, oil high fructose, corn sweetener, ethanol, cereal and alkaline. Maize consists of 71% starch, 9% protein and 4% oil on a dry weight basis.
Corn cultivation reached 18.6% of the total cultivated cereals in the European Union in 201612 and accounted for corn yields in the range of 2.213.7 t/ha, based on 5-year averages, with the lowest value obtained in Romania in the year 2012, and the highest value – in the Netherlands in 2014 (Barten, 2013). For a total above-ground biomass residue, calculated on a 1:1 harvest index or ratio of residue to grain for corn, the hypothetical values for corn stover yields are predicted to reach almost 60 million tones in EU-28 in the year 2015
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT IS COMING SOON ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Appendix D: Concrete cubes after 28days curing. ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1 Chemical Composition of Cornstalk AshTable 4.2 Results for Surface Area, Residue and Expansion Table 4.3 Compressive Strength for Ordinary CementTable 4.4 Compressive Strength of Cornstalk Blended Ash-10Table 4.5 Compressive Strength of Cornstalk Blended Ash-20Table 4.6 Flexural Strength of Ordinary Cement, 10 and 20 Blended CementTable 4.7 Compressive Strength of Ordinary Cement, 10 and 20 Blended Cement ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2.1: Properties of CementFigure 3.1: Corn plantFigure 3.2: Specimen of CornstalkFigure 3.3: Cornstalk AshFigure 4.1: Flexural Strength Graph of Ordinary CementFigure 4.2: Compressive Strength Graph of Cornstalk Blended Ash ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTTitle pageCertificationDedicationAcknowledgement AbstractTable of ContentsList of TablesList of FiguresCHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTIONi. Background to the studyii. Problem statementiii. Aim of the studyiv. Objectives of the studyv. Justificationvi. ScopeCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW2.0.Introduction2.1.Corn and Corn Cultivation2.2.Corn and Corn Stalk2.3.Chemical Composition of Corn Stalk2.4.Corn Stalk Ash blended Cement and Construction Industry2.5.B ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]ix. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study is to investigate the characteristics of corn stalk blended cement as a partial replacement for ordinary portland cement.x. Objectives of the studyThe main aim of this study is to investigate the characteristics of corn stalk blended cement as a partial replacement for ordinary portland cement while the objectives of the study are:• To ascertain the characterization of corn stalk ash.• To determine of the effects of co ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]In order to get the corn stalk, the leaves and sheaths were removed to expose the stalk. The stalks with a straight stem, free from pest and disease, without insect bites, without apparent defects on the surface of the stems, and with uniform color were selected. The mean length of the corn stalks was 2100mm, the pitch of corn stalk was taken artificially and made into a column shape for use as test specimen with a cross-section of 10mm by 10mm and a length of 100-150mm. Figure 3.2 shows the cor ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]CHAPTER FOURRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONCorn stalk ash (CSA) is not a good pozzolanic material, since it has the combined percentage composition of silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) of 18.78%, which is less than 70%. It therefore does not satisfy the requirement for use as a pozzolana according to ASTM C618(2005). ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION5.0 CONCLUSIONSThis study has dealt tremendously on the investigation of the characteristics of cornstalk ash blended cement. The findings of this research has led to the following conclusions:• The study revealed that Corn stalk ash (CSA) is not a good pozzolanic material because it does not satisfy the standard specified by ASTM C618(2005).• The compressive strength of the concrete cubes increased with curing period and amou ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Technical Paper for Industrial Technologies Programme.Rashad, A.: Cementitious materials and agricultural wastes as natural fine aggregate replacement inconventional mortar and concrete. In: Journal of Building Engineering 5 (2016), p. 119–141. SR EN 12350-6:2010: Testing fresh concrete, Part 6: Density. SR EN 12390-3:2009/AC:2011: Testing hardened concrete, Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens.SR EN 12390-5:2009: Testing hardened concrete, Part 5: Flexural strength of test spec ... Continue reading---
