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Investigation On The Characteristics Of Cornstalk Ash Blended Cement
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Corn Stalk Ash blended Cement and Construction Industry
Building materials industry is no exception as it has a very significant share in environmental pollution. As the concrete is the most common material of this industry, its greening is very important, this being an over studied subject for decades all over the word. Helepciuc (2016) affirm that the main component of the concrete that is responsible for important green house gas emissions is the Portland cement. Therefore, its substitution with alternative puzzolanic powders can help to reduce the environmental pollution. Such a puzzolanic material can be represented by corn stalk ash (CSA). Its puzzolanic properties are due to the presence in its composition of a significant proportion of SiO2, between 37.00 - 67.33%, substance that is directly implied in the puzzolan reaction (Forti&Henrad 2016). Raheem Adedokun, Adeyinka and Adewole (2017) conducted a study on application of corn stalk as partial replacement for cement. The corn stalk used was collected from LAUTECH Teaching and Research Farm in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. The collected sample was sundried and burnt into ashes in an open steel container (Fig. 1). The yield calculation was carried out, and the physical and chemical properties of the corn stalk ash (CSA) were determined. The ash obtained was analyzed using X-ray Fluorescence Analyser (Model QX 1279) at Lafarge Cement, West Africa Portland Cement Company (WAPCO), Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria to determine the chemical composition of the CSA. The CSA particles passing through British Standard Sieve size 75 μm was used for this study. The Ordinary Portland cement (Dangote, Brand) used was purchased from a retailed shop in Ogbomoso. The stone dust was also bought from a dealer in Ogbomoso, and water was obtained from a borehole close to the production site of the interlocking paving stones
Brief description of Cement
Cement, as a binding material, is a very important building material. Cement is a binding agent that sets and hardens to adhere to building units such as stones, bricks, tiles etc. Cement generally refers to a very fine powdery substance chiefly made up of limestone (calcium), sand or clay (silicon), bauxite (aluminum) and iron ore, and may include shells, chalk, marl, shale, clay, blast furnace slag, slate (Raheem, Adedokun, Adeyinka, &Adewole, 2017). The raw ingredients are processed in cement manufacturing plants and heated to form a rock-hard substance, which is then ground into a fine powder to be sold. Cement mixed with water causes a chemical reaction and forms a paste that sets and hardens to bind individual structures of building materials.
Cement is an integral part of the urban infrastructure. It is used to make concrete as well as mortar, and to secure the infrastructure by binding the building blocks. Concrete is made of cement, water, sand, and gravel mixed in definite proportions, whereas mortar consists of cement, water, and lime aggregate. These are both used to bind rocks, stones, bricks and other building units, fill or seal any gaps, and to make decorative patterns. Cement mixed with water silicates and aluminates, making a water repellant hardened mass that is used for water-proofing.
It is always desirable to use the best cement in constructions. Therefore, the properties of a cement must be investigated. Although desirable cement properties may vary depending on the type of construction, generally a good cement possesses following properties (which depend upon its composition, thoroughness of burning and fineness of grinding). Cement provides strength to masonry; stiffens or hardens early; possesses good plasticity; an excellent building material; easily workable; good moisture-resistant.
Almost every construction work requires cement. Therefore, the composition of cement is a matter of great interest to engineers. For understanding cement composition, one must know the functionality of Cement ingredients. By altering the amount of an ingredient during cement production, one can achieve the desired cement quality.Cement production is one of the major sources of carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere. CO2, which is a greenhouse gas, contributes about 65% of global warming (Vijayakumar et al., 2013). The high energy demand as well as the emission of carbon dioxide, which caused global warming and depletion of limestone deposits are the major problems associated with cement production (Manasseh, 2010). Badur and Chaudhary (2008) stated that about seven percent of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere, and this has negative effects on the ecology and future of human being as a result of global warming. In addition, cement is very expensive in many developing countries like Nigeria and its usage cannot be sustained. The need for affordable building materials in providing adequate housing for the teaming populace of the world has become the major concern of the researchers. The cost of conventional building materials continue to increase as the majority of the population continues to fall below the poverty line. This thereby necessitates the search for alternative local materials as total or partial replacement for cement (Adesanya and Raheem, 2009; Akinwumi and Aidomojie, 2015).
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT IS COMING SOON ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Appendix D: Concrete cubes after 28days curing. ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1 Chemical Composition of Cornstalk AshTable 4.2 Results for Surface Area, Residue and Expansion Table 4.3 Compressive Strength for Ordinary CementTable 4.4 Compressive Strength of Cornstalk Blended Ash-10Table 4.5 Compressive Strength of Cornstalk Blended Ash-20Table 4.6 Flexural Strength of Ordinary Cement, 10 and 20 Blended CementTable 4.7 Compressive Strength of Ordinary Cement, 10 and 20 Blended Cement ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2.1: Properties of CementFigure 3.1: Corn plantFigure 3.2: Specimen of CornstalkFigure 3.3: Cornstalk AshFigure 4.1: Flexural Strength Graph of Ordinary CementFigure 4.2: Compressive Strength Graph of Cornstalk Blended Ash ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTTitle pageCertificationDedicationAcknowledgement AbstractTable of ContentsList of TablesList of FiguresCHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTIONi. Background to the studyii. Problem statementiii. Aim of the studyiv. Objectives of the studyv. Justificationvi. ScopeCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW2.0.Introduction2.1.Corn and Corn Cultivation2.2.Corn and Corn Stalk2.3.Chemical Composition of Corn Stalk2.4.Corn Stalk Ash blended Cement and Construction Industry2.5.B ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]ix. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study is to investigate the characteristics of corn stalk blended cement as a partial replacement for ordinary portland cement.x. Objectives of the studyThe main aim of this study is to investigate the characteristics of corn stalk blended cement as a partial replacement for ordinary portland cement while the objectives of the study are:• To ascertain the characterization of corn stalk ash.• To determine of the effects of co ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]In order to get the corn stalk, the leaves and sheaths were removed to expose the stalk. The stalks with a straight stem, free from pest and disease, without insect bites, without apparent defects on the surface of the stems, and with uniform color were selected. The mean length of the corn stalks was 2100mm, the pitch of corn stalk was taken artificially and made into a column shape for use as test specimen with a cross-section of 10mm by 10mm and a length of 100-150mm. Figure 3.2 shows the cor ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]CHAPTER FOURRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONCorn stalk ash (CSA) is not a good pozzolanic material, since it has the combined percentage composition of silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) of 18.78%, which is less than 70%. It therefore does not satisfy the requirement for use as a pozzolana according to ASTM C618(2005). ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION5.0 CONCLUSIONSThis study has dealt tremendously on the investigation of the characteristics of cornstalk ash blended cement. The findings of this research has led to the following conclusions:• The study revealed that Corn stalk ash (CSA) is not a good pozzolanic material because it does not satisfy the standard specified by ASTM C618(2005).• The compressive strength of the concrete cubes increased with curing period and amou ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Technical Paper for Industrial Technologies Programme.Rashad, A.: Cementitious materials and agricultural wastes as natural fine aggregate replacement inconventional mortar and concrete. In: Journal of Building Engineering 5 (2016), p. 119–141. SR EN 12350-6:2010: Testing fresh concrete, Part 6: Density. SR EN 12390-3:2009/AC:2011: Testing hardened concrete, Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens.SR EN 12390-5:2009: Testing hardened concrete, Part 5: Flexural strength of test spec ... Continue reading---
