-
Evaluation Of Mechanical Properties Of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (pofa) Blended – Granite - Gravel Concrete
-
-
-
3.1.3 Granite
Granite is a light-colored igneous rock with grains large enough to be visible with the unaided eye. It forms from the slow crystallization of magma below Earth's surface. Granite is composed mainly of quartz and feldspar with minor amounts of mica, amphiboles, and other minerals as shown in figure 3.2.
3.1.4 Gravel
Gravel is a loose aggregation of rock fragments. Gravel is classified by particle size range and includes size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments. It is categorized into granular gravel (2 to 4 mm or 0.079 to 0.157 in) and pebble gravel (4 to 64 mm or 0.2 to 2.5 in). ISO 14688 grades gravels as fine, medium, and coarse with ranges 2 mm to 6.3 mm to 20 mm to 63 mm. One cubic metre of gravel typically weighs about 1,800 kg (or a cubic yard weighs about 3,000 pounds). It was obtained within Maiduguri Vendors.
3.1.5 Water
Water is the key ingredient, which when mixed with cement, forms a paste that binds the aggregate together. The water causes the hardening of concrete through a process called hydration. The role of water is important because the water to cement ratio is the most critical factor in the production of "perfect" concrete. Therefore, the study used tap water throughout.
3.1.6 Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)
Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is a by-product obtained during the burning of waste materials such as palm kernel shell, palm oil fiber, and palm oil husk; it can be utilized to partially replace cement in a concrete mix. The palm fiber obtained was washed, air dried and calcined at a temperature of 7000C at the Foundry and Forging Workshop, Mechanical Engineering Department, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri. The calcined fibre was brought out of the oven in powdered form and allowed to cool. The POFA was sieved through BS sieve No 200 micron. The specimen was then stored in a sealed water proof bag for preservation before use. The kernel fibre and ash is shown in figure 3.3 (a and b).
-
-
-
ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTUtilizing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) in concrete mix is a major way of turning waste to wealth. Gravel as an aggregate is cheaper than granite. Thus, obtaining an optimum combination of these materials in achieving a maximum compressive strength in concrete will go a long way in helping the construction industry.The study was carried out to establish an optimum replacement ratio for Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) blended granite-gravel of concrete. Uniform water/binder (w/b) ratio of 0.5 and mix ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 2. 1: Chemical composition range of OPC and POFA Table 2. 2: Chemical composition analysis in POFA Table 2. 3: Compressive strength of concrete with various percentages of POFA Table 2. 4: Tensile strength of concrete by the addition of various % of POFA Table 3. 1: Concrete mix design based on design expert Table 4. 1: Oxides composition of POFA Table 4. 2: Fine sand grain size distributions from sieve analysis Table 4. 3: Granite size distributions from sieve analysis T ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2. 1: Strength versus UPV Figure 2. 2: Compressive strength versus POFA replacement percentage Figure 2. 3: Strength activity index of POFA mortar Figure 2. 4: Relationship between UPV and replacement percentage Figure 2. 5: Slump flow against POFA percentage Figure 2. 6: Relationship between porosity and POFA content Figure 2. 7: Relationship between strength and porosity of 80% content of POFA mortar Figure 2. 8: relationship between permeability and replaceme ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSCERTIFICATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABSTRACT CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Scope 1.4 Justification 1.5 Statement of Problem 1.6 Aim 1.7 Objectives CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Properties of concrete with POFA 2.1.1 Physical properties 2.1.2 Chemical Properties of POFA 2.1.3 Mechanical properties of POFA 2.2 Compressive St ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the study Concrete is regarded as the primary and widely used construction ingredient around the world in which cement is the key material. However, large scale cement production contributes greenhouse gases both directly through the production of CO2 during manufacturing and also through the consumption of energy (combustion of fossil fuels). Moved by the economic and ecological concerns of cement, researchers have focused on finding a subs ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 9 ]However, POFA contribute to its long-term strength due to the continuous pozzolanic reaction because of the fine particle size, the greater glassy phase of SiO2 and the reduced composition of carbon (Zeyad et al., 2012). This is also proved by Altwair et al. (2011) using the strength activity index which is the ratio of the strength of SCM-cement mortar to cement mortar at specific curing time. 2.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) of Concrete with Replaced POFA According to Kanadasan & ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 15 ]Figure 4.2 shows effect of granite and POFA mix ratio on compressive strength of concrete. The graph shows that, the increase in granite volume led to increase in compressive strength. However, increase in POFA percentage led to decrease in compressive strength. It can be observed that, the highest compressive strength was achieved at 25% POFA replacement and lowest at 35% replacement. Also, for granite highest and lowest compressive strength were achieved at 100% and 0% replacement respectively ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] CHAPTER FIVECONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS5.1 Conclusion The study determined the compressive strength of granite-gravel concrete at varying replacement of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) at different curing ages. Also, established an optimum replacement of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) blended granite-gravel. Therefore, the following conclusions were drawn:1. The increase in granite volume led to increase in compressive strength. However, increase in POFA percentage led to decrea ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCESAltwair, N.M., Johari, M.A.M. and Hashim, S.F.S., 2013. Influence of treated palm oil fuel ash on compressive properties and chloride resistance of engineered cementitious composites. Materials and Structures, 47(4), pp.667–682. Aprianti, E., Shafigh, P., Bahri, S. and Farahani, J.N., (2015). Supplementary cementitious materials origin from agricultural wastes - A review. Construction and Building Materials, 74, pp.176–187. Asrah, H., Mirasa, ... Continue reading---
-
ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTUtilizing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) in concrete mix is a major way of turning waste to wealth. Gravel as an aggregate is cheaper than granite. Thus, obtaining an optimum combination of these materials in achieving a maximum compressive strength in concrete will go a long way in helping the construction industry.The study was carried out to establish an optimum replacement ratio for Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) blended granite-gravel of concrete. Uniform water/binder (w/b) ratio of 0.5 and mix ... Continue reading---