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Evaluation Of Mechanical Properties Of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (pofa) Blended – Granite - Gravel Concrete
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3.2.2 Specific Gravity of Ordinary Portland Cement Determination
The specific gravity is normally defined as the ratio between the weight of a given volume of material and weight of an equal volume of water. The Portland cement have a specific gravity of value around 3.15. When it comes to Portland pozzolan cements and Portland blast furnace cements the value will come near to 2.90. In addition, POFA has a varying specific gravity; however, its value never exceeded 3.0. The specific gravity of POFA would be increased after the grinding process because of a decrease of porosity (Khankhaje et al., 2016).
3.2.2.1 Experimental Procedure
Weighed a clean and dried specific gravity bottle with its stopper (W1). Placed a sample of cement up to half of the flask (about 50g) and weighted with its stopper (W2). Added kerosene to cement in flask till it is about half full. Mixed thoroughly with glass rod to remove entrapped air. Continued stirring and added more kerosene till it was flushed with the graduated mark. Dried the outside and weighed (W3). Emptied the flask, cleaned it and refilled with clean kerosene and flushed with the graduated, also dried the outside and weighed (W4).
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTUtilizing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) in concrete mix is a major way of turning waste to wealth. Gravel as an aggregate is cheaper than granite. Thus, obtaining an optimum combination of these materials in achieving a maximum compressive strength in concrete will go a long way in helping the construction industry.The study was carried out to establish an optimum replacement ratio for Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) blended granite-gravel of concrete. Uniform water/binder (w/b) ratio of 0.5 and mix ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 2. 1: Chemical composition range of OPC and POFA Table 2. 2: Chemical composition analysis in POFA Table 2. 3: Compressive strength of concrete with various percentages of POFA Table 2. 4: Tensile strength of concrete by the addition of various % of POFA Table 3. 1: Concrete mix design based on design expert Table 4. 1: Oxides composition of POFA Table 4. 2: Fine sand grain size distributions from sieve analysis Table 4. 3: Granite size distributions from sieve analysis T ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2. 1: Strength versus UPV Figure 2. 2: Compressive strength versus POFA replacement percentage Figure 2. 3: Strength activity index of POFA mortar Figure 2. 4: Relationship between UPV and replacement percentage Figure 2. 5: Slump flow against POFA percentage Figure 2. 6: Relationship between porosity and POFA content Figure 2. 7: Relationship between strength and porosity of 80% content of POFA mortar Figure 2. 8: relationship between permeability and replaceme ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSCERTIFICATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABSTRACT CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Scope 1.4 Justification 1.5 Statement of Problem 1.6 Aim 1.7 Objectives CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Properties of concrete with POFA 2.1.1 Physical properties 2.1.2 Chemical Properties of POFA 2.1.3 Mechanical properties of POFA 2.2 Compressive St ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the study Concrete is regarded as the primary and widely used construction ingredient around the world in which cement is the key material. However, large scale cement production contributes greenhouse gases both directly through the production of CO2 during manufacturing and also through the consumption of energy (combustion of fossil fuels). Moved by the economic and ecological concerns of cement, researchers have focused on finding a subs ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 9 ]However, POFA contribute to its long-term strength due to the continuous pozzolanic reaction because of the fine particle size, the greater glassy phase of SiO2 and the reduced composition of carbon (Zeyad et al., 2012). This is also proved by Altwair et al. (2011) using the strength activity index which is the ratio of the strength of SCM-cement mortar to cement mortar at specific curing time. 2.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) of Concrete with Replaced POFA According to Kanadasan & ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 15 ]Figure 4.2 shows effect of granite and POFA mix ratio on compressive strength of concrete. The graph shows that, the increase in granite volume led to increase in compressive strength. However, increase in POFA percentage led to decrease in compressive strength. It can be observed that, the highest compressive strength was achieved at 25% POFA replacement and lowest at 35% replacement. Also, for granite highest and lowest compressive strength were achieved at 100% and 0% replacement respectively ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] CHAPTER FIVECONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS5.1 Conclusion The study determined the compressive strength of granite-gravel concrete at varying replacement of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) at different curing ages. Also, established an optimum replacement of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) blended granite-gravel. Therefore, the following conclusions were drawn:1. The increase in granite volume led to increase in compressive strength. However, increase in POFA percentage led to decrea ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCESAltwair, N.M., Johari, M.A.M. and Hashim, S.F.S., 2013. Influence of treated palm oil fuel ash on compressive properties and chloride resistance of engineered cementitious composites. Materials and Structures, 47(4), pp.667–682. Aprianti, E., Shafigh, P., Bahri, S. and Farahani, J.N., (2015). Supplementary cementitious materials origin from agricultural wastes - A review. Construction and Building Materials, 74, pp.176–187. Asrah, H., Mirasa, ... Continue reading---
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTUtilizing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) in concrete mix is a major way of turning waste to wealth. Gravel as an aggregate is cheaper than granite. Thus, obtaining an optimum combination of these materials in achieving a maximum compressive strength in concrete will go a long way in helping the construction industry.The study was carried out to establish an optimum replacement ratio for Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) blended granite-gravel of concrete. Uniform water/binder (w/b) ratio of 0.5 and mix ... Continue reading---