-
Evaluation Of Mechanical Properties Of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (pofa) Blended – Granite - Gravel Concrete
-
-
-
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Oxides Composition of POFA
Range of Al2O3 in Portland cement is 3.0% to 8.0% as recommended by BS EN 197-1:2011. Therefore, the Al2O3 found in POFA is within the range. So it can be observed that, POFA is within the specified limit. Similarly, amount of Magnesium oxide (MgO) qualified to fall within the range of specified BS EN 197-1:2011. However, Iron oxide (Fe2O3) is slightly deviated from the specification range as shown in Table4.1. Furthermore, Potassium oxide (K2O), and Sulphur trioxide (SO3) are above the specified limit of 1.17% and 1.3% - 3.0% respectively (BS EN 197-1:2011). Also, Calcium oxide (Ca2O) and Manganese oxide (MnO) are below the required standard specified as 60% - 67% and 0.19% respectively (BS EN 197-1:2011).
For a cementitious supplementary material to be classified as Pozzolan, the percentage sum of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 must be from 70% and above. Therefore, as shown in Table4.1, the percentage sum is 70.8%, then, the POFA is classified as Pozzolan.
-
-
-
ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTUtilizing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) in concrete mix is a major way of turning waste to wealth. Gravel as an aggregate is cheaper than granite. Thus, obtaining an optimum combination of these materials in achieving a maximum compressive strength in concrete will go a long way in helping the construction industry.The study was carried out to establish an optimum replacement ratio for Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) blended granite-gravel of concrete. Uniform water/binder (w/b) ratio of 0.5 and mix ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 2. 1: Chemical composition range of OPC and POFA Table 2. 2: Chemical composition analysis in POFA Table 2. 3: Compressive strength of concrete with various percentages of POFA Table 2. 4: Tensile strength of concrete by the addition of various % of POFA Table 3. 1: Concrete mix design based on design expert Table 4. 1: Oxides composition of POFA Table 4. 2: Fine sand grain size distributions from sieve analysis Table 4. 3: Granite size distributions from sieve analysis T ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2. 1: Strength versus UPV Figure 2. 2: Compressive strength versus POFA replacement percentage Figure 2. 3: Strength activity index of POFA mortar Figure 2. 4: Relationship between UPV and replacement percentage Figure 2. 5: Slump flow against POFA percentage Figure 2. 6: Relationship between porosity and POFA content Figure 2. 7: Relationship between strength and porosity of 80% content of POFA mortar Figure 2. 8: relationship between permeability and replaceme ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSCERTIFICATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABSTRACT CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Scope 1.4 Justification 1.5 Statement of Problem 1.6 Aim 1.7 Objectives CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Properties of concrete with POFA 2.1.1 Physical properties 2.1.2 Chemical Properties of POFA 2.1.3 Mechanical properties of POFA 2.2 Compressive St ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the study Concrete is regarded as the primary and widely used construction ingredient around the world in which cement is the key material. However, large scale cement production contributes greenhouse gases both directly through the production of CO2 during manufacturing and also through the consumption of energy (combustion of fossil fuels). Moved by the economic and ecological concerns of cement, researchers have focused on finding a subs ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 9 ]However, POFA contribute to its long-term strength due to the continuous pozzolanic reaction because of the fine particle size, the greater glassy phase of SiO2 and the reduced composition of carbon (Zeyad et al., 2012). This is also proved by Altwair et al. (2011) using the strength activity index which is the ratio of the strength of SCM-cement mortar to cement mortar at specific curing time. 2.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) of Concrete with Replaced POFA According to Kanadasan & ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 7 ]Where W1 = Weight of empty flask W2 = Weight of empty flask + Cement W3 = Weight of empty flask+ Cement + Kerosene W4 = Weight of empty flask+ Kerosene 0.79 = Specific Gravity of Kerosene3.2.3 Aggregate Specific Gravity Determination The test was based on ASTM D 854-00 (2000) – Standard Test for Specific Gravity of Aggregate by Water Pycnometer. The experimental procedure is as follows:Determined and recorded the we ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] CHAPTER FIVECONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS5.1 Conclusion The study determined the compressive strength of granite-gravel concrete at varying replacement of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) at different curing ages. Also, established an optimum replacement of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) blended granite-gravel. Therefore, the following conclusions were drawn:1. The increase in granite volume led to increase in compressive strength. However, increase in POFA percentage led to decrea ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCESAltwair, N.M., Johari, M.A.M. and Hashim, S.F.S., 2013. Influence of treated palm oil fuel ash on compressive properties and chloride resistance of engineered cementitious composites. Materials and Structures, 47(4), pp.667–682. Aprianti, E., Shafigh, P., Bahri, S. and Farahani, J.N., (2015). Supplementary cementitious materials origin from agricultural wastes - A review. Construction and Building Materials, 74, pp.176–187. Asrah, H., Mirasa, ... Continue reading---
-
ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTUtilizing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) in concrete mix is a major way of turning waste to wealth. Gravel as an aggregate is cheaper than granite. Thus, obtaining an optimum combination of these materials in achieving a maximum compressive strength in concrete will go a long way in helping the construction industry.The study was carried out to establish an optimum replacement ratio for Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) blended granite-gravel of concrete. Uniform water/binder (w/b) ratio of 0.5 and mix ... Continue reading---