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Bamboo Leaf Ash As A Partial Replacement Of Cement In Concrete
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a composite element consisting of aggregates enclosed in a matrix of cement paste including possible pozzolanic, has two major components-cement paste and aggregates. As a construction material, concrete can be in almost any shape desired, and once hardened, can become a structural (load bearing) element. The strength of concrete depends upon the strength of these components, their deformation properties, and the adhesion between the paste and aggregate surface. With most natural aggregates, it is possible to make concrete up to 120KN/mm2 a compressive strength by improving the strength of the cement paste, which can be controlled through the choice of water-cement ratio, and type and dosage of admixtures (Dwivedi 2006).
The high cost of conventional construction material is a dominating factor affecting housing system around the world. This has necessitated research work into alternative materials in the construction field. Since the cost of cement is many times more than the cost of other ingredients in concrete making. Recently, attention is mainly directed to use of as little cement as possible constituent with adequate strength and durability. Little research has been carried out to study the bamboo leaf waste as a pozzolanic material. Dwivedi (2006) reported the reaction between calcium hydroxide (CH) and bamboo leaf ash for four hours of reaction using the differential scanning calorimetric (Dsc) technique. Singh et al (2000) discussed that eco friendly composite cements may be obtained by partial replacement of Portland cement (PPC) with low cost materials. They studied the hydration of bamboo leaf ash in a blended Portland cement. It was concluded that bamboo leaf ash is an effective pozzolanic materials. When 20 weight (wt) % of bamboo ash was mixed with PPC the compressive strength values of mortars at 28 day of hydration were found to be quiet comparable to those of PPC. Villar-cocina et al (2010) conducted a study on sugarcane leaf ash (SCLA). Hydration of 10 wt % SCLA composite Portland cement was studied by using powder x-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetric and other techniques. The result have show that the pozzolanic reaction of sugarcane leaf ash increases with time. They have been used to produce concrete having almost the same behavior as normal concrete.
In general, a pozzolanic material has little or no cementing properties. However, when it has a fine particle size, in the presence of moisture it can react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to provide the cementing property. Bamboo leaf ash (BLAsh) is one of the agro waste ashes whose chemical composition contains a large amount of silica and has high potential to be used as a cement replacement (Okere 2013). Most of the concrete produced today are a multi component product containing one or more admixtures in addition to the four basic components which is cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. For every component, one usually as several choices that could influence the cost of the end product and its behavior in service. Among the constituent components, however, cement or cementitious materials as a whole, play a vital role in producing strong and durable concrete. Utilization of these waste materials is a partial solution to environmental and ecological problems. Use of these also helps in reducing the cost of concrete production by reducing the quantity of cement used. Consequently, this study presents the suitability of using bamboo leaf ash (BLAsh) as a supplementary cementitious material. This work then investigates the effect of bamboo leaf Ash on the workability of fresh concrete and the compressive strength of added concrete.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.
Concrete plays an important role in the beneficial use of the material in construction industry. Many modifications and developments have been made to place material like Bamboo Leaf Ash (BLAsh), wood wool, rice husk and marble powder as a cement replacement constituent, but it as an alternative to reveal that the replacement of Bamboo Leaf Ash (BLAsh), in Portland cement affect the compressive strength of concrete. One of the main goal of sustainable waste management is to maximize recycling and reuse. With increasing environmental pressure to reduce waste and pollution and to recycle as much as possible, the concrete industry has begun adopting a number of methods to achieve these goals.
One of the suggestions in the forefront has been the sourcing, development and use of alternative, non-conventional local construction materials including the possibility of using some agricultural wastes and residues as partial or full replacement of conventional constructional materials. In countries where abundant agricultural wastes are discharged, these wastes can be used as potential material or replacement material in construction industries.
This has a significant impact by reducing the amount of quarrying and landfill space required, and acts as a cement replacement, reduces the amount of cement of required to produce a solid concrete. As cement production creates massive quantities of carbon dioxide, cement replacement technology such as this will play an important role in future attempts to cut carbon dioxide emissions and production of economical optimum strength concrete, so as to encourage the use of this ‘impressive’ waste product as construction material in low-cost housing.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTConcrete is a major construction material, which is usually made by mixing cement, water, fine and coarse aggregate and sometimes admixtures in their right proportions. The use of waste materials with pozzolanic properties in concrete production is a becoming a worldwide practice. The assessment of the pozzolanic activity of cement replacement materials is becoming increasingly important because of the need for more sustainable cementing products. In this bamboo leaf Ash is used as parti ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLETABLE 3.1 COMPOSITION OF CONSTITUTENT material for BLAsh concrete at 0%,5%,10%,15% and 20% case Table 4.1 The particle size distribution of sharp sand Table 4.2 The Particle Size Distribution of Granite Table 4.3 The Slump Value of The Fresh Concrete Table 4.4 the Density of the Hardened Concrete after 7 Days of Curing Table 4.5 the Density of the Hardened Concrete after 14 Days of Curing Table 4.6 The Density of the Har ... Continue reading---
LIST OF PLATES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF PLATES Plate: 3.1 Bamboo Leaf in it Natural Habitat Plate:3.2 Burning of Bamboo Leaf (BLAsh) Plate 3.3 Sieve Analysis Test on BLAsh Plate 3.4 Mixing of Bamboo Leaf Ash with Varying % of Cement, Fine Aggregate and Coarse Aggregate Plate: 3.5 Casting of Concrete Cubes with BLAsh Replacements Plate 3.6 Curing of Concrete Cubes Plate 3.7 Compressive Strength Test on the Concrete Cubes Plate 3.8 Slump of Test of BLAsh Concrete ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGUREFigure 4.1 Particle Size Distribution Curve of Sharp Sand Figure 4.2 Particle Size Distribution Curve of Granite Figure 4.3 Effects of BLAsh Replacement on Concrete with respect to Days Curing ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Table of contentsContents Title page Certification Dedication Acknowledgment Table of contents List of Tables List of Plates List of figure Abstract CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Statement of the problem 1.2 Aim and objectives 1.3 Justification of the study 1.4 Scope and limitation of the work 1.5 Methodology CHAPTER TWO2.0 Revie ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]Mineral admixture in cement and concrete focuses on how to make more workable and durable concrete using mineral admixtures.Improve resistance of concrete to thermal cracking alkali – aggregate expansion and sulphate attack; and to enable a reduction in cement content.These are;(i) Bamboo leaf ash (BLASH)(ii) Fly Ash(iii) Blast furnace slag (BFS)(iv) Rice husk Ash (RHA)(v) Silica fume(vi) Metakaolin (Oyekan, 2007) 2.2 BAMBOO LEAF ASHBamboo are gro ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 15 ]From the grading curve;WhereThe effective size at 10% percent passing through = D10The effective size at 30% percentage passing = D30The effective size at 60% percentage passing = D60Therefore, D10=0.25um; D30=0.840um, and D60=0.8umCoefficient of uniformity (Cu) = D_60/D_10 = 0.8/0.25 =3.2Coefficient of curvature, Cc = ((D_30)2)/(D_10 x D_60 )=0.5402/0.25x0.8=1.46REMARK: based on the result, the F.M of the sand is 3.1.i.e. coarse sand, coefficient of uniformity is 3.2 and coefficient of curvat ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 10 ]iii. Density of the concrete after 21 days of curing. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 CONCLUSIONBased on the experimental investigations carried out and results obtained, it is therefore concluded that;• The suitability of using bamboo leaf ash BLA as supplementary cementatious material has been explored.• The compressive strength or ability of fresh bamboo leaf ash content measured by the slump test reduces as the bamboo leaf ash content increases. It is therefore noticed, that bamboo leaf ash c ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESAbdullahi, M. (2005); Characteristics of Wood ASH/OPC Concrete, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria (accessed online).Arowolo S.G. (2013); The Study of Compressive Strength on Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement with Bamboo leaf Ash, Final Year Project, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin.Bloem, B.L. (1959); Preliminary Tests of Effect of Sugar on Strength of Mortar, National Ready Mixed Concrete ... Continue reading---
