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Bamboo Leaf Ash As A Partial Replacement Of Cement In Concrete
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2.1.2 AGGREGATES
Fine and coarse aggregate makes up the bulk of concrete mixture. Aggregates are inert granular material such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with water and Portland cement are an essential ingredient in concrete. Recycled aggregates (from construction, demolition and excavation waste) are increasingly used as partial replacement of natural aggregate. A good concrete mix aggregate need to be clean, hard, strong and free of absorbed chemicals or coating of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete. Decorative stones such as quartzite, small river stones or crushed glass are sometimes added to the surface of concrete for a decorative ‘exposed aggregate†finish, popular among landscape designers.
Many studies have shown that crushed stone produces higher strengths than rounded gravel. The most likely reason for this is greater mechanical bond, which can develop with angular particles. Fine aggregates (FA) with rounded particle shape and smooth texture have been found to requires less mixing water in concrete and for this reason preferable in high strength concrete (Mabojeje, 2000). Fine aggregates are expected to pass through 5mm B.S410 sieve sizes and containing so much as permitted for the various grading limits described in B.S.882 1983.
Coarse aggregate are hardened small irregular shape stones which can be gravel, granite and laterite aggregates. It ranges from ¼ii, ¾ii, ½ii, 1 ½ii and 2ii respectively
2.1.3 CEMENT
Portland cement is the basis ingredient of concrete. Concrete is form when Portland cement creates a paste with water that binds with sand and rock to harden. It is a basic ingredient of concrete mortar, and plaster. It consists of a mixture of oxides of calcium, silicon and aluminum. The most common way to manufacture Portland cement is through a dry method. In most general of the world, cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardened together. Cement used in construction is characterized as hydraulic and non-hydraulic.
Hydraulic cement (Portland Cement) harden because of hydration chemical reactions that occur independently of the admixtures water content; they can be hardened even under water or constantly exposed to wet weather. The chemical reaction that results when the anhydrous cement powder is mixed with water produces hydrates that are not water-soluble. Non –hydraulic cement (e.g. Lime and gypsum plaster) must be kept dry in order to gain strength. Cement sets or cures when mixed with water which causes a series of hydration reaction. The constituent slowly hydrate and crystalize gives cement its strength.
Maintaining high moisture content in cement during curing increase both the speed of curing, and its straight (Arowolo, 2013).
2.1.4 ADMIXTURES
An admixture is a materials other than water aggregate, or cement that is used as an ingredient of concrete mortar to control setting and early hardening and workability or to provide additional cementing properties, according to the ASTM -125 -27 (a) standards is a materials include air entaining agents, chemical and mineral, control of rate of hardening, accelerated strength gain, improve workability and durability are contribution that can be expected from the admixture or admixture chosen. Admixture is used to achieve higher strength workability as an admixture free mix. All admixtures to be used in concrete construction should meet specification; tests should be made to evaluate how the admixture will affect the properties of concrete to be made with the specified job materials, under the anticipated ambient conditions and by the anticipated construction procedures (US Army Engineer school, 1992).
There are two types of admixtures and they are: chemical and mineral admixtures.
(i) Chemical admixtures
Chemical admixtures are added to concrete in very small amounts mainly for the entrainment of air, reduction of water or cement content, plasticization of fresh concrete mixtures or control of setting time. Different types of chemical admixture are specified in ASTM (494), and AASHTO (194), depending on their purpose
(i) water reducing admixture
(ii) accelerator
(iii) set retarders
(iv) air entraining agent
(v) super plasticizers
(ii) Mineral admixture
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTConcrete is a major construction material, which is usually made by mixing cement, water, fine and coarse aggregate and sometimes admixtures in their right proportions. The use of waste materials with pozzolanic properties in concrete production is a becoming a worldwide practice. The assessment of the pozzolanic activity of cement replacement materials is becoming increasingly important because of the need for more sustainable cementing products. In this bamboo leaf Ash is used as parti ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLETABLE 3.1 COMPOSITION OF CONSTITUTENT material for BLAsh concrete at 0%,5%,10%,15% and 20% case Table 4.1 The particle size distribution of sharp sand Table 4.2 The Particle Size Distribution of Granite Table 4.3 The Slump Value of The Fresh Concrete Table 4.4 the Density of the Hardened Concrete after 7 Days of Curing Table 4.5 the Density of the Hardened Concrete after 14 Days of Curing Table 4.6 The Density of the Har ... Continue reading---
LIST OF PLATES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF PLATES Plate: 3.1 Bamboo Leaf in it Natural Habitat Plate:3.2 Burning of Bamboo Leaf (BLAsh) Plate 3.3 Sieve Analysis Test on BLAsh Plate 3.4 Mixing of Bamboo Leaf Ash with Varying % of Cement, Fine Aggregate and Coarse Aggregate Plate: 3.5 Casting of Concrete Cubes with BLAsh Replacements Plate 3.6 Curing of Concrete Cubes Plate 3.7 Compressive Strength Test on the Concrete Cubes Plate 3.8 Slump of Test of BLAsh Concrete ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGUREFigure 4.1 Particle Size Distribution Curve of Sharp Sand Figure 4.2 Particle Size Distribution Curve of Granite Figure 4.3 Effects of BLAsh Replacement on Concrete with respect to Days Curing ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Table of contentsContents Title page Certification Dedication Acknowledgment Table of contents List of Tables List of Plates List of figure Abstract CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Statement of the problem 1.2 Aim and objectives 1.3 Justification of the study 1.4 Scope and limitation of the work 1.5 Methodology CHAPTER TWO2.0 Revie ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0 INTRODUCTION Concrete is a composite element consisting of aggregates enclosed in a matrix of cement paste including possible pozzolanic, has two major components-cement paste and aggregates. As a construction material, concrete can be in almost any shape desired, and once hardened, can become a structural (load bearing) element. The strength of concrete depends upon the strength of these components, their deformation properties, and the adhesion between the paste and aggr ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 15 ]From the grading curve;WhereThe effective size at 10% percent passing through = D10The effective size at 30% percentage passing = D30The effective size at 60% percentage passing = D60Therefore, D10=0.25um; D30=0.840um, and D60=0.8umCoefficient of uniformity (Cu) = D_60/D_10 = 0.8/0.25 =3.2Coefficient of curvature, Cc = ((D_30)2)/(D_10 x D_60 )=0.5402/0.25x0.8=1.46REMARK: based on the result, the F.M of the sand is 3.1.i.e. coarse sand, coefficient of uniformity is 3.2 and coefficient of curvat ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 10 ]iii. Density of the concrete after 21 days of curing. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 CONCLUSIONBased on the experimental investigations carried out and results obtained, it is therefore concluded that;• The suitability of using bamboo leaf ash BLA as supplementary cementatious material has been explored.• The compressive strength or ability of fresh bamboo leaf ash content measured by the slump test reduces as the bamboo leaf ash content increases. It is therefore noticed, that bamboo leaf ash c ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESAbdullahi, M. (2005); Characteristics of Wood ASH/OPC Concrete, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria (accessed online).Arowolo S.G. (2013); The Study of Compressive Strength on Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement with Bamboo leaf Ash, Final Year Project, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin.Bloem, B.L. (1959); Preliminary Tests of Effect of Sugar on Strength of Mortar, National Ready Mixed Concrete ... Continue reading---
