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Assesment Of Knowledge, Attitude And Practice Towards Cholera Prevention And Control
[A CASE STUDY OF ILORIN METROPOLIS KWARA STATE, NIGERIA]
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae 01 and 0139[1]. The main symptoms are profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission is primarily through consuming contaminated drinking water or food. The severity of the diarrhea and vomiting can lead to rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Every year there is an estimated 3-5 million cholera cases and 100,000-120,000 deaths due cholera. The short incubation period of two to five days, enhance the potentially explosive pattern of out breaks [2]. Cholera transmission is closely linked to inadequate environmental management. Typical at-risk areas include peri-urban slums, where basic infrastructure is not available, as well as camps for internally displaced people or refugees, where minimum requirements of clean water and sanitation are not met. The consequences of a disaster – such as disruption of water and sanitation systems, or the displacement of populations to inadequate and overcrowded camps – can increase the risk of cholera transmission should the bacteria be present or introduced. Epidemics have never arisen from dead bodies. Cholera remains a global threat to public health and a key indicator of lack of social development. Recently, the reemergence of cholera has been noted in parallel with the ever-increasing size of vulnerable populations living in unsanitary conditions [3].
Two serogroups of v. cholera - 01 and 0139 - causes out breaks [4]. V. cholera 01 causes the majority of outbreak, while 0139 -first indentified in Bangladash in 1992 –is confined to South-East Asia. Non-01 and non-0139 v. cholera can cause mild diarrhea but dot not generate epidemics. The bacteria are transmitted via contaminated drinking water or food. Pathogenic v. cholera can survive refrigeration and freezing in food supplies [5]. The dosage of bacteria required to cause an infection in healthily volunteers via oral administration of living vibrios is greater than 1000 organisms [6]. After consuming an antacid, however, cholera development in most volunteers after consumption of only 100 cholera vibrios experiments also show that vibrios consumed with food are more likely to cause infection than those from water alone [7]. Cases tend to be clustered by location as well as season, with most infections occurring in children ages 1-5 years [4].
Cholera is severe water-born infectious disease caused by the bacterium vibrio cholerae. In 2005, 131,943 cases including 2,272 deaths have notified from 52 countries. The year was marked by a particular significant series of outbreaks in West Africa, which affected 14 countries and accounted for 58% of all cholera cases world-wide [8]. In the same year Nigeria had 4,477 cases and 174 deaths. There was reported case of cholera in 2008 in Nigeria in which 429 deaths out of 6,330 cases. More so, 2,304 cases in Niger State in which 114 were reported death in 2008 [4]. Recent years have seen a strong trend of cholera outbreak in developing countries, including among others, those in India (1), Iraq (2008), Congo (2008), Zimbabwe (2008-2009), Haiti (2010), and Kenya (2010), Koko in Edo State (1989). In Nigeria, according to UN figure, 1,555 people have died since January and 38,173 cases have been reported. The figure is more than four times the death toll the government reported in August [3].
Cholera is a disease characterized by profuse diarrhea accompanied with a severe dehydration and loss of electrolyte [12], caused by toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, a serologically diverse, environmental, and gram-negative rod bacterium [9]. In the absence of appropriate treatment, there is a high mortality rate. Cholera is a major public health concern because of its high transmissibility, death-to-case ratio and ability to occur in epidemic and pandemic forms [7]. Cholera is responsible for an estimated death of 120,000 globally every year [8], and still continues to be a scourge worldwide covering all continents. In developing countries with endemic areas, cholera is still very significant with incidence of more than five million cases per year [8]. The explosive epidemic nature and the severity of the disease and the potential threat to food and water supplies have prompted the listing of V. cholerae as an organism of biological defense research [11]. In an epidemic, the great majority of cases can be recognized by clinical diagnosis easily and a bacteriological diagnosis is often not required.
Cholera is endemic in Nigeria [8] and epidemiological features [4] have been reported from various parts of the country with investigations on possible sources of outbreaks. Outbreaks of cholera had been reported from various States in Nigeria such as Ogun, Edo, Pleatue State etc, of Nigeria. Investigations on outbreak of cholera in Nigeria have focused on the epidemiological features, the probable source of contamination and the risk factors without spatial linkage of health data. However, advances in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technology provides this opportunity and has become an indispensible tool for processing, analyzing and visualizing spatial data within the domains of environmental health, disease ecology and public health [13].
This study will seek to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice towards cholera outbreak in Ilorin metropolis, Kwara state State.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT IS COMIG SOON ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] APPENDIX ICONSENT FORMI am MUHAMMAD BALA from the Department of Community Health Science Kwara State University Malete hereby to conduct a study on knowledge, attitudes and practice on cholera prevention and control utilization of Salt Sugar Solution (SSS) among people living in Ilorin metropolis. The study is trying to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice on cholera prevention among people of Ilorin metropolis and also to investigate factors affecting SSS utilization during cholera epi ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX C - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX IIIBUDGET AND EXPENDITUREEstimated Budget: N 53,500 ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX B - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]APPENDIX IIWORK PLAN ON ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEGDE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE ON CHOLERA PREVENTION AND UTILISATION OF SALT SUGAR SOLUTION AMONG PEOPLE LIVING IN ILORIN METROPOLIS, ILORIN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX D - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]APPENDIX IVQUESTIONAIRE ON ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEGDE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES ON CHOLERA PREVENTION AND UTILISATION OF SALT SUGAR SOLUTION AMONG PEOPLE IN ILORIN METROPOLIS, ILORIN KWARA STATE, NIGERIADear Sir/ Ma,This study is being undertaken to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices on cholera prevention and utilization of Salt Sugar Solution (SSS). The aim is to assess the level of knowledge on malaria prevention and utilization of SSS among people. It is also for the purpose of colle ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHOLERAThe word cholera comes from the Greek ‘khole’ meaning ‘illness from bile [9].’ The first notable reports specifically referencing cholera come from John Snow of London, England, and Filippo Pacini of Florence, Italy. Both reports come from 1854. Pacini was the first to identify V. cholera as the etiologic agent of cholera, though his discovery was not widely known until Robert Koch publicized his own independ ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]To compensate for attrition or non-response rate, a response rate of 80% is anticipated the sample size will be calculated using the formula: ns = n 0.8Where, n = calculated sample size ns = sample size to compensate for attrition and non-response 0.8 = Taken that 80% response rate is anticipatedThen,n ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]1. Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. “Cholera – Vibrio cholerae Infection.†July 30, 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html Accessed December 5, 2014 2. Babaniyi OA. Oral Rehydration of Children with Diarrhoea in Nigeria: a 12-year Review of Impact on Morbidity and Mortality from Diarrhoeal Diseases and Diarrhoeal Treatment Practices. J Trop Pediatr. 20111;37(2):57–63. [PubMed]3. Coppo A, Colombo M, Pazzani C. Vibrio cholerae ... Continue reading---
