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Assesment Of Knowledge, Attitude And Practice Towards Cholera Prevention And Control
[A CASE STUDY OF ILORIN METROPOLIS KWARA STATE, NIGERIA]
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2.5 DIAGNOSIS
The main test for identification for V. cholerae is
serologic identification, searching for the presence of O1 serotype
antigens [6]. This can be shown by using an agglutination test. Most
serotypes of cholera that do not cause epidemic or pandemic outbreaks
also do not produce cholera toxin [6]. V. cholerae samples are generally
taken from stool samples of infected persons. The stool will have the
appearance of “rice-water stool [2].†It will have a white, pasty layer
similar to water after it has been used to boil rice. The stool will
also have a fishy odor. The above tests are quick methods for
identification, which is important since cholera can turn deadly very
rapidly. Another test is noting whether the serotype produces cholera
toxin. Only the three pathogenic serotypes will [6].
The diagnosis of cholera can never be made with certainty on clinical grounds. Laboratory methods of diagnosis are required to confirm the diagnosis through;
o Collection of stool samples
o Vomitus
o Water sample
o Food sample
o Culture methods
o Direct examination
o Biochemical examination, etc.
2.6 COMPLICATIONS
Cholera can quickly become fatal. In the most severe cases, the rapid loss of large amounts of fluids and electrolytes can lead to death within two to three hours. In less extreme situations, people who don't receive treatment may die of dehydration and shock hours to days after cholera symptoms first appear.
Although shock and severe dehydration are the most devastating complications of cholera, other problems can occur, such as:
• Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia); dangerously low levels of blood sugar (glucose) — the body's main energy source — may occur when people become too ill to eat. Children are at greatest risk of this complication, which can cause seizures, unconsciousness and even death.
• Low potassium levels (hypokalemia); People with cholera lose large quantities of minerals, including potassium, in their stools. Very low potassium levels interfere with heart and nerve function and are life-threatening.
• Kidney (renal) failure; When the kidneys lose their filtering ability, excess amounts of fluids, some electrolytes and wastes build up in your body — a potentially life-threatening condition. In people with cholera, kidney failure often accompanies shock.
2.7 RISK FACTORS
Everyone is susceptible to cholera, with the exception of infants who derive immunity from nursing mothers who have previously had cholera. Still, certain factors can make you more vulnerable to the disease or more likely to experience severe signs and symptoms. Risk factors for cholera include:
2.7.1 HOST FACTORS
• Poor sanitary conditions. Cholera is more likely to flourish in situations where a sanitary environment — including a safe water supply — is difficult to maintain. Such conditions are common to refugee camps, impoverished countries, and areas devastated by famine, war or natural disasters.
• Age and Sex; Cholera affects both sexes. In endemic areas, attack rate is highest in children.
• Population mobility; Movement of population (e.g. Pilgrimages, refugees camping, ceremonial gathering, festivals, etc,) result in increased risk of exposure to infection. In this jet age, cases and carriers can easily transfer infection to other coutries.
• Economic status; The incidence of cholera tends to be the highest in the lower socio-economic groups, and this is attributable mainly to poor hygiene.
• Reduced or nonexistent stomach acid (hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria). Cholera bacteria can't survive in an acidic environment, the V. cholarae can be destroyed in acidity of pH 5 or lower, conditions that reduce gastric acid may influence individual susceptibility. Ordinary stomach acid often serves as a first line defense against infection. But people with low levels of stomach acid — such as children, older adults, and people who take antacids, H-2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors — lack this protection, so they're at greater risk of cholera to reinfection, but the duration and degree of immunity are not known.
• Immunity; An attack of cholera by immunity to
• Household exposure. You're at significantly increased risk of cholera if you live with someone who has the disease.
• Type O blood. For reasons that aren't entirely clear, people with type O blood are twice as likely to develop cholera compared with people with other blood types [16].
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT IS COMIG SOON ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] APPENDIX ICONSENT FORMI am MUHAMMAD BALA from the Department of Community Health Science Kwara State University Malete hereby to conduct a study on knowledge, attitudes and practice on cholera prevention and control utilization of Salt Sugar Solution (SSS) among people living in Ilorin metropolis. The study is trying to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice on cholera prevention among people of Ilorin metropolis and also to investigate factors affecting SSS utilization during cholera epi ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX C - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX IIIBUDGET AND EXPENDITUREEstimated Budget: N 53,500 ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX B - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]APPENDIX IIWORK PLAN ON ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEGDE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE ON CHOLERA PREVENTION AND UTILISATION OF SALT SUGAR SOLUTION AMONG PEOPLE LIVING IN ILORIN METROPOLIS, ILORIN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX D - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]APPENDIX IVQUESTIONAIRE ON ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEGDE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES ON CHOLERA PREVENTION AND UTILISATION OF SALT SUGAR SOLUTION AMONG PEOPLE IN ILORIN METROPOLIS, ILORIN KWARA STATE, NIGERIADear Sir/ Ma,This study is being undertaken to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices on cholera prevention and utilization of Salt Sugar Solution (SSS). The aim is to assess the level of knowledge on malaria prevention and utilization of SSS among people. It is also for the purpose of colle ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Cholera preparedness workshop held from 31st May – 1st June, 2017 in Abuja to develop Cholera preparedness plan as the season set in. NCDC/partners provided onsite support in Kwara, Zamfara and Kebbi States. NCDC/partners are providing onsite support in Borno State. Cholera Preparedness Checklist sent to all States to assess their level of preparedness with recommendations for prevention of and response to an outbreak. RDT procured by NCDC and WHO currently being prepositioned in affected ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]To compensate for attrition or non-response rate, a response rate of 80% is anticipated the sample size will be calculated using the formula: ns = n 0.8Where, n = calculated sample size ns = sample size to compensate for attrition and non-response 0.8 = Taken that 80% response rate is anticipatedThen,n ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]1. Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. “Cholera – Vibrio cholerae Infection.†July 30, 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html Accessed December 5, 2014 2. Babaniyi OA. Oral Rehydration of Children with Diarrhoea in Nigeria: a 12-year Review of Impact on Morbidity and Mortality from Diarrhoeal Diseases and Diarrhoeal Treatment Practices. J Trop Pediatr. 20111;37(2):57–63. [PubMed]3. Coppo A, Colombo M, Pazzani C. Vibrio cholerae ... Continue reading---
