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Assesment Of Knowledge, Attitude And Practice Towards Cholera Prevention And Control
[A CASE STUDY OF ILORIN METROPOLIS KWARA STATE, NIGERIA]
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2.7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
• Raw or undercooked shellfish. Although large-scale cholera outbreaks no longer occur in industrialized nations, eating shellfish from waters known to harbor the bacteria greatly increases your risk.
• Poor sanitary conditions; Cholera is more likely to flourish in situations where a sanitary environment — including a safe water supply — is difficult to maintain. Such conditions are common to refugee camps, impoverished countries, and areas devastated by famine, war or natural disasters [24].
2.8 MANAGEMENT
The mainstay of the case management of cholera is treatment of dehydration using Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) or IV fluids (Ringer lactate) and electrolytes [10]. Although, Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) has the advantage of being low-cost and simple, using the technique of decision analysis, Babaniyi concluded that community-based control of Diarrheal Diseases interventions in Nigeria is problematic to evaluate [10].
In cholera management, antibiotic prophylaxis is usually not part of intervention but essential for disease treatment in severe cases. However, Vibrio cholera strains from endemic and outbreaks situation within the last decade revealed interesting patterns of antibiotic resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents. Mobile genetic elements able to transfer multiple drug resistance among Vibrio cholera strains have also been described in numerous studies and are considered a major public health problem [11]. Eighty-six strains of Vibrio cholera O1 (79 Ogawa serotype and 7 Inaba serotype) from 1992 outbreak in Nigeria were less sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin, cloxacillin, cotrimoxazole, streptomycin, and tetracycline [12]. The 1995 study also described V. cholera strains with 4.5 kilobase to 150 kilobase plasmids specifying resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim. Ten of the forty-one isolates were able to transfer resistant plasmids to Escherichia coli K-12 by conjugation suggesting that conditions conducive for transmission of resistant strains exist in Nigeria [12].
Obvious emergence of resistant strains could be correlated with widespread therapeutic and prophylactic administration of antibiotics especially tetracycline and their availability over the counter. While continued misuse of antibiotics has indubitably contributed to endemicity most infections, the recent cholera outbreak experience proposes that other factors also play a role in determining whether a particular strain (or resistance plasmid) remains in a given geographic area. Studies are however needed in this area to elucidate this concept.
2.9 PREVENTION AND CONTROL
It is now considered that the best way to control cholera is to develop and implement a national programme for the control of ALL diarrheal diseases because of similarities in the epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment and control of cholera and other acute diarrheal diseases. The following account is based on theâ€Guidelines for cholera control†proposed by WHO:
o Verification of the diagnosis
o Notification
o Early case finding
o Establishment of treatment centers
o Rehydration therapy
o Adjunct to therapy (use of antibiotics like Flouroquionlones, tetracycline, Azithromycin, etc.)
o Epidemiological investigations
o Sanitations measures such as; water control, excreta disposal, food sanitation, disinfection, etc.
• Wash hands with soap and water frequently, especially after using the toilet and before handling food. Rub soapy, wet hands together for at least 15 seconds before rinsing. If soap and water aren't available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
• Drink only safe water, including bottled water or water you've boiled or disinfected yourself. Use bottled water even to brush your teeth. Hot beverages are generally safe, as are canned or bottled drinks, but wipe the outside before you open them. Avoid adding ice to your beverages unless you made it yourself using safe water.
• Eat food that's completely cooked and hot and avoid street vendor food, if possible. If you do buy a meal from a street vendor, make sure it's cooked in your presence and served hot.
• Avoid sushi, as well as raw or improperly cooked fish and seafood of any kind.
• Stick to fruits and vegetables that you can peel yourself, such as bananas, oranges and avocados. Stay away from salads and fruits that can't be peeled, such as grapes and berries.
• Be wary of dairy foods, including ice cream, which is often contaminated and unpasteurized milk.
o Vaccination (Using the two types of cholera vaccines i.e Dukoral WC-rBS and Sachol mORCVAX)
o Health education on; early reporting for prompt treatment, food hygiene practice, hand washing practice before and after defeacation, benefits of cooked food, hot foods, and safe water, etc.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT IS COMIG SOON ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] APPENDIX ICONSENT FORMI am MUHAMMAD BALA from the Department of Community Health Science Kwara State University Malete hereby to conduct a study on knowledge, attitudes and practice on cholera prevention and control utilization of Salt Sugar Solution (SSS) among people living in Ilorin metropolis. The study is trying to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice on cholera prevention among people of Ilorin metropolis and also to investigate factors affecting SSS utilization during cholera epi ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX C - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX IIIBUDGET AND EXPENDITUREEstimated Budget: N 53,500 ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX B - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]APPENDIX IIWORK PLAN ON ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEGDE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE ON CHOLERA PREVENTION AND UTILISATION OF SALT SUGAR SOLUTION AMONG PEOPLE LIVING IN ILORIN METROPOLIS, ILORIN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX D - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]APPENDIX IVQUESTIONAIRE ON ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEGDE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES ON CHOLERA PREVENTION AND UTILISATION OF SALT SUGAR SOLUTION AMONG PEOPLE IN ILORIN METROPOLIS, ILORIN KWARA STATE, NIGERIADear Sir/ Ma,This study is being undertaken to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices on cholera prevention and utilization of Salt Sugar Solution (SSS). The aim is to assess the level of knowledge on malaria prevention and utilization of SSS among people. It is also for the purpose of colle ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Cholera preparedness workshop held from 31st May – 1st June, 2017 in Abuja to develop Cholera preparedness plan as the season set in. NCDC/partners provided onsite support in Kwara, Zamfara and Kebbi States. NCDC/partners are providing onsite support in Borno State. Cholera Preparedness Checklist sent to all States to assess their level of preparedness with recommendations for prevention of and response to an outbreak. RDT procured by NCDC and WHO currently being prepositioned in affected ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]To compensate for attrition or non-response rate, a response rate of 80% is anticipated the sample size will be calculated using the formula: ns = n 0.8Where, n = calculated sample size ns = sample size to compensate for attrition and non-response 0.8 = Taken that 80% response rate is anticipatedThen,n ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]1. Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. “Cholera – Vibrio cholerae Infection.†July 30, 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html Accessed December 5, 2014 2. Babaniyi OA. Oral Rehydration of Children with Diarrhoea in Nigeria: a 12-year Review of Impact on Morbidity and Mortality from Diarrhoeal Diseases and Diarrhoeal Treatment Practices. J Trop Pediatr. 20111;37(2):57–63. [PubMed]3. Coppo A, Colombo M, Pazzani C. Vibrio cholerae ... Continue reading---
