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Determinants Of Acute Malnutrition Among Under-five Years Children
[A CASE STUDY OF ILLELA LOCAL GOVERNMENT SOKOTO STATE, NIGERIA]
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This section presents a synthesis of the reviewed literature on the determinants of malnutrition among under-five children in different settings particularly in developing countries.
2.2 MALNUTRITION AMONG UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN
Research findings indicate that poor nutrition during childhood is one of the most important conditions that impede the physical and the mental development of children which ultimately propagates the vicious cycle of intergenerational malnutrition. Consequently, the effects of under-five malnutrition are permanent and cross into the adulthood stage of the child (Jesmin et al., 2011).
According to the trends on under-five children’s nutritional status, there was a downward trend in the proportion of children stunted and underweight over the past two Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2006 but the proportion of children who are wasted has remained unchanged. There was a decline in the proportion of under-five stunted children in Nigeria from 38% to 33% which is an indicator of improvement in under five nutrition over the past five years. A similar pattern is observed among the under-five children who were underweight due to a drop in the proportion from sixteen percent in 2006 to fourteen percent in 2011(UBOS and ICF International Inc., 2012).
It is important to note that child malnutrition is associated with inappropriate feeding practices that occur mostly in the first two years of life. There is a global and national understanding on the association between child malnutrition and inappropriate feeding practices as observed in the nutrition policies of Uganda and India (MoH and MAAIF, 2005).
Similarly, the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund(UNICEF) developed a global strategy for infant and child feeding that was adopted by the 55th World Health Assembly in 2001(Arun and Jon., 2004). These findings generate a Synthesis of the determinants of malnutrition among under-five children in ArabaKalmalo districts.
A well-nourished child is one whose weight and height measurements compare very well with the standard normal distribution of heights and weights of healthy children with same age and sex categories. Nutritional status is primarily measured by a child’s growth in height and weight and is directly influenced by food intake and the occurrence of infections. Chronic malnutrition in form of stunting, wasting and underweight are assessed at the population level through the Demographic and Health Surveys (ICF Macro, 2010). This is in line with how anthropometric data was collected within households in Arabaand kalmalo districts.
The National plan and Action for Nutrition of 1996 indicates that there is high prevalence of malnutrition in Nigeria among under-five children for example 41% of under-five children were stunted, 23% were under weight while 14% were wasted. Of the children decline in malnutrition among under-five children. The above findings may not differ much in the districts of Araba and kalmalo.
2.3 CHILD RELATED FACTORS OF UNDERFIVE MALNUTRITION
There are a number of demographic variables that researchers have found significant in influencing under-five malnutrition however the study focused on few of them that included sex of child, age of child, birth order, birth interval and mother’s age at birth.
2.3.1 SEX OF CHILD
From the reviewed literature, there seems to be a consensus that malnutrition among under-five children is greater among boys than girls. The cause of this discrepancy is not well established in the literature but it is believed that boys are more influenced by environmental stress than the girls (Henry et al., 2007; Nguyen and Kam., 2008; Sarmistha, 1999).
According to a study done in Kwara state Nigeria, Babatunde (2011) reported that there was asignificant relationship between sex of a child and malnutrition, Male children were more likely to be malnourished than their female counterparts. This is probably due to increased attention paid to female children unlike the male children. Another study done in Botswana revealed that stunting, wasting and underweight were also significantly more prevalent among boys than girls (Salah and Nnyepi., 2006).
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTMalnutrition is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity among under-five children in Sub Saharan Africa. To understand the determinants of malnutrition among under –five children, a study was conducted in Araba and kalmalo districts of Illela l/g to Understand the determinants in these districtsMajority of the children were aged 37-59 months 54(51.9%) and followed by those aged 13-36 months 44 (42.3%) respectively the average age of the children in months is 37 wi ... Continue reading---
QUESTIONNAIRE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]COLLAGE OF PURE AND APPLY SCIENCEDEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH SCIENCE KWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, MALETE.A QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE DETERMINANTS OF MALNUTRITION AMONG UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN IN ARABA AND KALMALO DISTRICTS IN ILLELA.Dear respondent, This is an academic research intended to assess the determinants of malnutrition under-five children in the districts of Araba and kalmalo district in Illela.The purpose of this study and its findings is purely academic. I kindly request for your assistan ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX B - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1: Under five Child factors. Table 4.2: Maternal factors of malnutrition among under-five children Table 4.3: Immunization status of under-five children in Araba and kalmalo Districts Table 4.4: Levels of malnutrition among under five children in Araba and Kalmalo Table 4.5: Bivariate associations between child and maternal factors with malnutrition among ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSDECLARATION APPROVAL BY SUPERVISORS DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT LIST OF ACRONYMS/ ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study 1.2 Problem Statement 1.3 Main objective 1.4 Specific objectives 1.5 Hypotheses 1.6 Scope of the study 1.7 Conceptual frame work 1.8 Significance of the study 1.9 Structure of the dissertation CHAPTER TWO:LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Malnutrition among under-fiv ... Continue reading---
List of symbols/Abbreviations - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF ACRONYMS/ ABBREVIATIONS AfrII: Africa Innovations InstituteBCG: Bacille Calmette-GuerinBMI: Body Mass IndexCDP: Child Days PlusDHS: Demographic and Health SurveysEPI: Expanded Programme on ImmunizationFAO: Food and Agricultural OrganizationMAAIF: Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and FisheriesMoH: Ministry of HealthNPA: National Planning AuthorityTASO: The AIDS Support OrganizationUNICEF: United Nations Children’s FundWHO: ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the studyThe World Health Organization (2013) estimates that there are 178 million children that are malnourished across the globe, and at any given moment, 20 million are suffering from the most severe form of malnutrition. Malnutrition contributes to between 3.5 and 5 million annual deaths among under-five children. UNICEF estimates that there are nearly 195 million children suffering from malnutrition across the globe. In 1997, the ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER THREEMETHODOLOGY3.1 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter presents the methodology used in the study. This has been divided into study population, data source, variable specification, anthropometric analysis, data analysis andstudy limitations on the determinants of malnutrition among under-five children in Arabaand Kalmalo districts. 3.2 STUDY POPULATION The study population consistedof children below five years inAraba and Kalmalo districts. The two districts were considered ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 10 ]The levels of malnutrition by district, results in Table 4.4 above indicate that stunting was higher in Araba district than in Kalmalo. Similarly, child wasting and underweight were highest in Araba than in kalmalodistrict. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]The immunization status of the under-five children that were
involved in the study reveals that majority of the children (51.9%)
were immunized up to date according to the Expanded Programme on
Immunization Card (EPI Card), and this was confirmed by at least 32.7%
of the mothers whose children were fully immunized. Similar results
were obtained for the BacilleCalmette-Guerin (BCG) immunization where
most of the children had BCG scars (46.2%) followed by 32.7% of t ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]Tanzania Health Bulletin.8, 3.Olwedo, M. A., Mworozi, E. M., Bachou, H., and Orach, C.G. (2008). Factors associated with malnutrition among children in internally displaced person’s camps, Northern Uganda. Journal of Africa Health Sciences 8(4), 244-252.United Nations Children’s Fund. (1990). Strategies of improving nutrition of children and women in developing countries, New York: UNICEF, USA.Victora, C. G., Huttly, S.R., Fuchs, S.C., andOlinto, M.T. ... Continue reading---
