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Determinants Of Acute Malnutrition Among Under-five Years Children
[A CASE STUDY OF ILLELA LOCAL GOVERNMENT SOKOTO STATE, NIGERIA]
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3.5 ANTHROPOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Anthropometry is a technique that uses human body measurements to draw conclusion about the nutritional status of individuals and population. This technique was used to assess the malnutrition status of under-five children (Gibson, 2005). Child variables that included age, sex, height and weight were entered in Epi Info7 software-nutrition module to generate measurement indices of height-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-height. The indices generated were compared with standard reference values for WHO Child Growth Standards and CDC 2000 to obtain the Z-scores. This was done automatically by Epi Info programme. For this study, three indices of malnutrition that included stunting, underweight and wasting were determined among all the under-five sampled children. Stunting refers to a low height-for-age which is a measure of chronic or long-term malnutrition in children. It is a good indicator of cumulative growth retardation. Children whose height-for-age Z-score was below minus 2 standard deviation from the median of the reference population were classified as stunted. Underweight denotes a low weight-for-age and it is a measure of combination of chronic and acute malnutrition. Children having weight-for-age Z-score less than minus 2 standard deviation from the median of the reference population were regarded as underweight. Wasting represents a low weight-for-height and it is a measure of acute malnutrition, an indicator of short-term fluctuation in nutritional status. Similarly, all the children under-five years whose weight for height Z-scores were less than minus 2 standard deviation were regarded as wasted.
3.6 DATA ANALYSIS
Demographic and socio-economic data for all children sampled under-five years were entered in EpiData software version 2.5.3 (2008) Anthropometry data of child’s age, sex, height and weight were entered in Epi Info7 nutrition module to generate the nutrition indicators of stunting, wasting and underweight and then merged with the demographic and socio-economic data for analysis. Descriptive statistics on background characteristics of under-five children were generated and presented in frequency distribution tables. Bivariate analysis was performed with cross tabulations and Pearson Chi Square to establish the relationship between the independent variables and under-five malnutrition. The Pearson Chi Square test was derived as follows.
Where;
O; is the observed frequency while
E; is the expected frequency.
R; is the row while
C; is the column.
Three indices of malnutrition that is stunting, wasting and underweight were taken as dependent variable taking a value of 1 for amalnourished child and 0 for otherwise. The model estimated the probability of falling into either of the dichotomous values of the dependent variables given the effect of the explanatory variables.
3.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The dataset used for the study missed out some variables of interest on child malnutrition that included duration of breast feedingand Body Mass Index of the mother. The sample size of 104 respondents was relatively small hence it could have had an effect on the outcomes of the study. The analyses were limited to the available information on variables given the nature of the dataset.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTMalnutrition is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity among under-five children in Sub Saharan Africa. To understand the determinants of malnutrition among under –five children, a study was conducted in Araba and kalmalo districts of Illela l/g to Understand the determinants in these districtsMajority of the children were aged 37-59 months 54(51.9%) and followed by those aged 13-36 months 44 (42.3%) respectively the average age of the children in months is 37 wi ... Continue reading---
QUESTIONNAIRE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]COLLAGE OF PURE AND APPLY SCIENCEDEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH SCIENCE KWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, MALETE.A QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE DETERMINANTS OF MALNUTRITION AMONG UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN IN ARABA AND KALMALO DISTRICTS IN ILLELA.Dear respondent, This is an academic research intended to assess the determinants of malnutrition under-five children in the districts of Araba and kalmalo district in Illela.The purpose of this study and its findings is purely academic. I kindly request for your assistan ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX B - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1: Under five Child factors. Table 4.2: Maternal factors of malnutrition among under-five children Table 4.3: Immunization status of under-five children in Araba and kalmalo Districts Table 4.4: Levels of malnutrition among under five children in Araba and Kalmalo Table 4.5: Bivariate associations between child and maternal factors with malnutrition among ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSDECLARATION APPROVAL BY SUPERVISORS DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT LIST OF ACRONYMS/ ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study 1.2 Problem Statement 1.3 Main objective 1.4 Specific objectives 1.5 Hypotheses 1.6 Scope of the study 1.7 Conceptual frame work 1.8 Significance of the study 1.9 Structure of the dissertation CHAPTER TWO:LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Malnutrition among under-fiv ... Continue reading---
List of symbols/Abbreviations - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF ACRONYMS/ ABBREVIATIONS AfrII: Africa Innovations InstituteBCG: Bacille Calmette-GuerinBMI: Body Mass IndexCDP: Child Days PlusDHS: Demographic and Health SurveysEPI: Expanded Programme on ImmunizationFAO: Food and Agricultural OrganizationMAAIF: Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and FisheriesMoH: Ministry of HealthNPA: National Planning AuthorityTASO: The AIDS Support OrganizationUNICEF: United Nations Children’s FundWHO: ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the studyThe World Health Organization (2013) estimates that there are 178 million children that are malnourished across the globe, and at any given moment, 20 million are suffering from the most severe form of malnutrition. Malnutrition contributes to between 3.5 and 5 million annual deaths among under-five children. UNICEF estimates that there are nearly 195 million children suffering from malnutrition across the globe. In 1997, the ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.1 INTRODUCTION This section presents a synthesis of the reviewed literature on the determinants of malnutrition among under-five children in different settings particularly in developing countries.2.2 MALNUTRITION AMONG UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN Research findings indicate that poor nutrition during childhood is one of the most important conditions that impede the physical and the mental development of children which ultimately propagates the vicious ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 10 ]The levels of malnutrition by district, results in Table 4.4 above indicate that stunting was higher in Araba district than in Kalmalo. Similarly, child wasting and underweight were highest in Araba than in kalmalodistrict. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]The immunization status of the under-five children that were
involved in the study reveals that majority of the children (51.9%)
were immunized up to date according to the Expanded Programme on
Immunization Card (EPI Card), and this was confirmed by at least 32.7%
of the mothers whose children were fully immunized. Similar results
were obtained for the BacilleCalmette-Guerin (BCG) immunization where
most of the children had BCG scars (46.2%) followed by 32.7% of t ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]Tanzania Health Bulletin.8, 3.Olwedo, M. A., Mworozi, E. M., Bachou, H., and Orach, C.G. (2008). Factors associated with malnutrition among children in internally displaced person’s camps, Northern Uganda. Journal of Africa Health Sciences 8(4), 244-252.United Nations Children’s Fund. (1990). Strategies of improving nutrition of children and women in developing countries, New York: UNICEF, USA.Victora, C. G., Huttly, S.R., Fuchs, S.C., andOlinto, M.T. ... Continue reading---
