CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The meaning of the term information retrieval can be very broad. Just getting a credit card out of your wallet so that you can type in the card number is a form of information retrieval. However, as an academic ï¬eld of study, information retrieval might be deï¬ned thus: Information retrieval (IR) is ï¬nding material (usually documents) of an unstructured nature (usually text) that satisï¬es information need from within large collections (usually stored on computers). (Christopher et al., 2009). Document clustering has been studied because of its potential for improving the efficiency of retrieval, for improving the effectiveness of retrieval, and because it provides an alternative to Boolean or best match retrieval. Initially the emphasis was on efficiency: document collections were partitioned, using nonhierarchical methods, and queries were matched against cluster centroids, which reduced the number of query-document comparisons that were necessary in a serial search. (Linus, 2014) Studies of retrieval from partitioned document collections showed that though retrieval efficiency was achieved, there was a decrease in retrieval effectiveness. Subsequent study has concentrated on the effectiveness of retrieval from hierarchically clustered document collections, based on the cluster hypothesis, which states that associations between documents convey information about the relevance of documents to requests. According to Pavel Berkhin (Accrue Software Inc.) clustering is the subject of active research in several fields such as statistics, pattern recognition, and machine learning (Pavel). The problem of clustering is perhaps one of the most widely studied in the areas of data mining and machine learning . This problem has been studied by researchers from several disciplines over five decades (Charu and Chandan, 2012). Even though there is an increasing interest in the use of clustering methods in pattern recognition image processing and information retrieval clustering has a rich history in other disciplines such as biology, psychiatry, psychology, archaeology, geology, geography, and marketing (AK. Jain et al, September 1999).
2.2 Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC)
In February 1988, the Federal Government created the Federal Road Safety Commission through Decree No. 45 of the 1988 as amended by Decree 35 of 1992 referred to in the statute books as the FRSC Act cap 141 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN). Passed by the National Assembly as Federal Road Safety Commission (establishment) Act 2007. The functions of the Commission generally relates to:
1 Making the highway safe for motorists and other road users.
2 Recommending works and devices designed to eliminate or minimize accidents on the highways;
3 Advising the Federal and State Governments including the Federal Capital Territory Administration and relevant governmental agencies on the localities where such works and devices are required; and
4 Educating motorists and members of the public on the importance of discipline on the highway.
In particular the Commission is charged with the responsibilities for:
i. Preventing or minimizing accidents on the highway;
ii. Clearing obstructions on any part of the highways;
iii. Educating drivers, motorists and other members of the public generally on the proper use of the highways;
iv. Designing and producing the driver’s license to be used by various categories of vehicle operators;
v. Determining, from time to time, the requirements to be satisfied by an applicant for a driver’s license;
vi. Designing and producing vehicle number plates
vii. The standardization of highway traffic codes;
viii. Giving prompt attention and care to victims of accidents
ix. Conducting researches into causes of motor accidents and methods of preventing them and putting into use the result of such researches;
x. Determining and enforcing speed limits for all categories of roads and vehicles and controlling the use of speed limiting devices;
xi. Cooperating with bodies or agencies or groups in road safety activities or in prevention of accidents on the highways;
xii. Making regulations in pursuance of any of the functions assigned to the Corps by or under this Act,
xiii. Regulating the use of sirens, flashers and beacon.
