CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE OF LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
Linux is the first truly free Unix-like operating system. The underlying GNU Project was launched in 1983 by Richard Stallman originally to develop a Unix-compatible operating system called GNU, intended to be entirely free software. Many programs and utilities were contributed by developers around the world, and by 1991 most of the components of the system were ready. Still missing was the kernel.
Linus Torvalds invented Linux itself. In 1991, Torvalds was a student at the University of Helsinki in Finland where he had been using minx, a non-free Unix-like system, and began writing his own kernel. He started by developing device drivers and hard-drive access, and by September had a basic design that he called Version 0.01. This kernel, which is called Linux, was afterwards combined with the GNU system to produce a complete free operating system. On October 5th, 1991, Torvalds sent a posting to the computer operating system .minx newsgroup announcing the release of Version 0.02, a basic version that still needed Minx to operate, but which attracted considerable interest nevertheless. The kernel was then rapidly improved by Torvalds and a growing number of volunteers communicating over the Internet, and by December 19th a functional, stand-alone Unix-like Linux system was released as Version 0.11.
On January 5, 1992, Linux Version 0.12 was released, an improved, stable kernel. The next release was called Version 0.95, to reflect the fact that it was becoming a full-featured system. After that Linux became an underground phenomenon, with a growing group of distributed programmers that continue to debug, develop, and enhance the source code baseline to this day. Torvalds released Version 0.11 under a freeware license of his own devising, but then released Version 0.12 under the well-established GNU General Public License. More and more free software was created for Linux over the next several years.
Linux continued to be improved through the 1990's, and started to be used in large-scale applications like web hosting, networking, and database serving, proving ready for production use. Version 2.2, a major update to the Linux kernel, was officially released in January 1999. By the year 2000, most computer companies supported Linux in one way or another, recognizing a common standard that could finally reunify the fractured world of the Unix Wars. The next major release was V2.4 in January 2001, providing (among other improvements) compatibility with the upcoming generations of Intel's 64-bit Itanium computer processors.
Although Torvalds continued to function as the Linux kernel release manager, he avoided work at any of the many companies involved with Linux in order to avoid showing favoritism to any particular organization, and instead went to work for a company called Transmit and helped develop mobile computing solutions, and made his home at the Open Source Development Labs (OSDL), which merged into The Linux Foundation.
Ubuntu: The Ubuntu is an open source operating system is built on the Linux kernel and it is free for end-user to download it. Ubuntu is uses on GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment) as it desktop environment, is intended have provide a free, simple and intuitive interface while for the offering is provide a full range of modern desktop applications. This GNOME is intended to make Linux easy to use especially for the non-programmers and it desktop interface is same as window. About this Ubuntu it includes the very best in translations and accessibility infrastructure that free software community has to offers, to make Ubuntu usable for many people. And also Ubuntu always free of charge, no extra fee for the enterprise edition.
For the Ubuntu names it comes from the Zullu and Xhosa languages which mean "I am what I am because of who we all are". Ubuntu pronounced as OO-BOON-too is seen as the traditional African concept, is regarded on founding by the principles of new republic of South Africa and this idea is related to an African Renaissance. Then for the translation of the principle Ubuntu is about "humanity toward others ".
" A person with Ubuntu is open and available to others, affirming of others, does not feel threatened that others are able and good, for the he or she has proper self-assurance that comes from knowing that he or she belongs in a greater whole and is diminished when other are humiliated or diminished, when other are tortured or oppressed."
Written by Archbishop Desmond Tutu
Debian: Debian is the oldest and in the meantime is one of the most widely used on operating systems in the world. The gain of popularity is due to the Debian is the free open source software under GNU license. For this Debian open source it also runs on Linux kernel with a completely free piece of software which is started by Linus Torvalds and supported by programmers in worldwide. Then the large part of the basic tools is filling out from the operating system that is come from the GNU Project. In Debian it is a UNIX based and can be equally well used as a desktop or server operating system, which makes multipurpose solution for user machine, no matter whether the user is a server administrator or just a regular user.
