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The Impact Of Parental Control, Criminal And Marital Conflict On Adolescents’ Self-regulation And Adjustment
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Attention allocation and the capacity of working memory are
assumed to be an important component of self-regulation success
(Fitzsimons & Bargh, 2004). Past studies have demonstrated that even
basic cognitive processes, such as attention and working memory can be
regulated automatically. In their study, Chartland and Bargh (1996)
showed that participants primed with impression formation goal did
recall more behaviors performed by the target than those primed with a
memorization goal. Consequently, results supported the expectation that
the effect of activated goals is the same whether the activation is
nonconscious or through an act of will. In addition to the automaticity
of attention and memory, selective remembering and forgetting have also
been subjected to regulation by nonconscious processes (Mitchell,
Macrae, Schooler, Rowe, & Milne, 2002). Evidence from these studies
indicates the key role of automatic processes on regulating and guiding
cognition.
Although relatively a few studies have examined
nonconscious emotion regulation processes, past studies have also
demonstrated that individuals are able to regulate their emotions
automatically (Gross, 1998, 1999). Using a process model of emotion
regulation, Gross (1998; 1999) argues that emotion regulation activity
may occur without conscious awareness, such as well-practiced routines
that become automatic by time. Habits, for example, that reduce anxiety
such as nail biting (Fitzsimons & Bargh, 2004) or smoking cigarette
(Gross, 1999) are examples of automatic emotion regulation. Because of
its repetition in lifespan, these emotion-laden processes can be
automatised by using minimal attentional capacity. However, it is
unclear that whether activation of emotion regulation goals is possible
and if so, whether they consume cognitive sources that are limited. Even
though there are limited numbers of studies, there has been extensive
research on nonconscious behavioral regulation.
As shown in previous
studies, goals influencing social behavior can also be directed by
nonconscious processes. In their study, Brandstatter, Lengfelder, and
Gollwitzer (2001) showed that behavioral goals were activated by
subliminal priming of goal cues. After being exposed to the achievement
related words subliminally, participants performed better at a
word-search puzzle. Similarly, after subliminal presentation of
cooperation-relevant words, participants behaved more cooperative in a
dilemma game than did non-primed ones (cited in Bargh & Chartland,
1999). Automatic processes of regulation cognition, emotion, and
behavior have been shown consistency with the auto-motive model of Bargh
(1990). However, the question of where these nonconscious regulation
sources come from is still unanswered. According to auto-motive model,
goals become associated with properties of specific circumstances as a
result of their frequent and consistent occurrence. Consequently, mere
the presence of environmental cues can activate goals people pursuit
(Bargh, 1990; Fitzsimons & Bargh, 2004). Nevertheless, these are not
the only necessary conditions for automatic regulation.
Implementation
intentions (e.g., "If I encounter Situation X, then I'll perform
Behavior Y") are also assumed to initiate automatic actions (Gollwitzer,
1993, 1999). Individuals construct a mental schema relating
environmental cues and goal directed behavioral responses. When a
situation occurs, the pre-set behavior is performed automatically
without any conscious choice. By implementation intentions, people
develop a mental set providing them automatic self-regulatory behaviors
without any need for frequent and consistent experiences (Fitzsimons
& Bargh, 2004).
Nonconscious self-regulation can function similar
to conscious self¬regulation, but more efficiently and consistently,
and may also complement conscious kinds of self-criminal control with an
additional mechanism. Bargh and colleagues (2001) found that
nonconscious goal pursuit possesses as similar to the key
characteristics of conscious goal pursuit. People persist toward the
goal progress even when obstacles arise; they increase their goal
strength when their goals are unfulfilled; and they tend to resume the
goal pursuit after disruption. Alternative goals are automatically
inhibited in order to maintain focus on the goal being pursued, and
temptations seem automatic to activate higher order goals with which
they interfere, reminding individuals of their important goal pursuits.
Whether it is conscious or automatic process, exhibiting self-regulation
always lead to certain consequences, which can be positive or negative
in its nature for individuals.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]The current study aims to increase understanding of influences on and
consequences of self-regulation in adolescence. Previous work has shown
that higher levels of self-regulation are associated with greater
social competence and lower levels problem behaviors. Past studies have
posited that parenting and interparental conflict are linked to
self-regulation and adjustment in childhood and adolescence. However,
the mechanism underlying the potential effects of specific parental
beha ... Continue reading---
