The Influence Of The Physical School Environment On The Academic Performance Of Secondary School Students
[A CASE STUDY OF ILORIN WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KWARA STATE.]

CHAPTER TWO
                 LITERATUREREVIEW
Literatures in this study will be reviewed under the following sub-headings:
i.    Concept of Environment
ii.    Concept of Academic performance
iii.    Physical Environment of Educational Institutions
iv.    Secondary Education in Ilorin West Local Government Area
v.    Studies on Physical Environment and Students Academic Performance
vi.    Appraisal of the Literature Review
Concept of Environment:
Environment means everything around a living being especially the circumstances of life of people or society in their life conditions. It comprises the set of natural, social and cultural values existing in a place and at a particular time, that influence in the life of the human being and in the generations to come. It is not only the space in which life develops, but it also includes living beings, objects, water, soil, air and the relations between them as well as intangibles like culture. It is a set of physical, chemical, biological and social components that, in a short or long term, cause direct or indirect adverse effects on living beings and human activities.
In the general theory of systems, an environment is a complex of external factors that Act on a system and determine their course and their way of existence. An environment could be considered a superset in which the given system is a subset.
 It can consist of one or more parameters, physical or other nature. The atmosphere of a given system must necessarily interact with living beings. According to Onyehalu (2014), environment is of three parts namely: physical, social and abstract. Physical environment is objects or materials found in the home, school or community. It also includes people like parents, peers and children. The social environment is the social life, societies, clubs among others. While abstract environment is the reactions, feedbacks responses received on interaction with others.
Environment is the physical world inhabited by man, or the realm of nature untainted by man (human action), or the cultural milieu – the physical environment as modified by human action, (Oki, 2013). It could also be seen as things, around the child that he might perceive or that might have some effect on him. It can be view as all system of air, land, water and life that surround man. In other words environment is the sum total of all the external conditions which may act upon an organism or community to influence its development or existence. For example the surrounding air, light, moisture, temperature, wind, soil and other organisms. It is also the whole sum of the surrounding external conditions within which an organism, a community or an object exists.
Concept of Academic Performance:
Academic performance is measured by examinations or continuous assessment but there is no general agreement on how it is best tested or which aspects are most important. Bossaert, Doumen, Buyse & Verschueren (2011) defines academic performance as student’s success in meeting short or long term goals in education in the big picture. A student who earns good grades or awards in science has achieved in the academic field of science.
Academic performance is defined as a performance with reference to a particular threshold called “Pass-Mark”. For example, in the West African School Certificate Examination (WASCE), the pass mark is 40% and performance above that mark is deemed. Poor academic performance on the other hand refers to performance that fall below a desired standard. This desired level could depend on the difficulty of the test, the ability of the students, and the strictness of the marking e.t.c. hence the overall performance of a student could be regarded as poor if the student has distinction in all other subjects but fails in a few subjects like mathematics or English language which are critical to his or her future aspiration. It is therefore clear, that, the concept of academic performance is much more subjective and all-inclusive than the concept of academic failure.