C. Training and Development
In the educational system, training and development programs can be described as professional activities engaged in by the school personnel to enhance their knowledge, skills and attitudes in order to educate students more effectively (Alabi, 2000), Training and development both aim at increasing employees’ abilities to contributes to organization effectiveness. Within the school system, staff development is to improve the performance of those with teaching and management responsibilities while the ultimate aim is improvement of teaching and learning . (ALabi, 2000). After appointing qualified suitable and competent employees, an organization needs to embark on training and development programme necessary to enhance the productive capabilities of those employed (Effiong , 2000). Effiong, 2000) identifies conditions that provide the rationale for staff training and development which include:-
• Low productivity
• Lack of interest in one’s job
• Negative attitude to work
• Excessive absenteeism
• High rate of complaints
• Insubordination
• Low quality output
However, Adesina, (1988), identified four types of development programmes in the educational systems, which are:-
i. Programmes that aim at correcting deficiencies of staff at the time of appointment .
ii. Programmes which enable teaching staff to face the challenges arising from innovation in the school curriculum.
iii. Programmes which enable non-professionals to professionalize
iv. Programmes that enable acquisition of higher qualification
All the above are beneficial both to individuals and organization in different ways. Effiong (2000), identified the benefits of training as leading to:
• Increased Productivity
• Reduction of the rate of staff turnover
• Raising staff morale
• Ensuring better coordination
D. Remuneration and Compensation
A major responsibility of the personnel department in educational system is to ensure that wages and salaries paid in the organization are commensurate with those paid to employees in other organizations comparable size.
However, salaries and wages alone do not constitute compensation. Compensation is the combined value of salaries and wages as well as incentives and fringe benefits (Effiong, 2000). It is the totality of the remarks for duties performed by an employees. This could be in form of financial or non-financial rewards. In order to manage human resources effectively, the reward and compensation systems must not only be fair, adequate and equitable, they have to be based on comparable effort or results of workers. In this regard, there is need for job evaluation to determine the relative worth of various job for the purpose of fixing remuneration and compensation (Ubeku, 1975).
Also, the personnel department must ensure that wages paid are of such that can satisfy the immediate psychological and safety needs of the school staff. It is important, therefore for the personnel department to conduct surveys periodically in order to ascertain what is being paid in other organizations and to follow the movement of the cost of living inices (Ubeku, 1975).
Promotion is another way of compensating which is accompanied by greater responsibility and higher status, greater skill and increased salary. This is also a positive reward system that increases the morale of employees and motivates them to work harder towards the attainment of educational objectives (Alabi, 2000). She went further that a school has to work with human resources for the attainment of the goals and objectives of education. These human resources operate by definite personnel policies and practices. Essentially, it is only when the right set of people are employed and are working under a very conductive and friendly environment that one can start thinking of their being productive and having job satisfaction