CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The chapter is concerned with review of work of several scholars relating to the subject matters of the study under the following sub- headings.
1. Concept of Financial Allocation
2. Concept of Administrative Effectiveness
3. Operation and management of secondary school
4. Theoretical Framework
5. Appraisal of review of related literature
Concept of Financial Allocation
Financial resources also play important role in an institution’s ability to engage students. For secondary level of education in Nigeria to achieve these impressive and noble objectives, there is need for adequate financial arrangement from both federal and other tires of government. In other words, secondary education requires huge investments either in terms of policies and implementation, infrastructures, human capacity development and of course funds, including the application of these to get the desired goals.
Finance as a resource has remained a controversial issue at all levels of education in Nigeria. According to Olabanji and Alaka(2010) resource allocation is one of the most challenging tasks that our educational system especially in secondary level of education faces whether they are in the early stage of reform or years into sustaining improvement. Since the economic downturn in the eighties (80s), the Nigerian education sector has suffered unprecedented setbacks in resource allocation especially in funding. Oweh (2013) affirms that education sector in Nigeria still face the problem of inadequate funding with regard to the benchmark advocated by UNESCO that all members countries ought to channel at least 26% of their annual budget to education alone. Gansemer-Topf and Schuh (2004) found that there was a relationship between institutional resource allocations and retention and graduation rates. So, expenditures and financial strategies potentially are important elements of student engagement.
The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN, 2000) affirms that poor financial investment has been the bane of Nigeria education system to the extent to which the budgetary allocation has been very low compared to other countries. Nwadiani (2012) identified under funding, shortage of all other resources except learners; and politicking and lack of political will as antecedent elements to the rots in education in Nigeria. An inquiry into the fiscal operations and development of Nigeria revealed that Federal Government expenditure on education is categorized under social and community services sector (Omotor, 2004). The implication in this context is that education is an impure public good.
Nigeria as a developing country, improving the widening access to education especially the secondary education should be a cardinal objective of the governments since education is seen as a right and responsibility to be guaranteed to all generations (FRN, 1999).However, elements of uncertainty have clouded the sector in nominal and real terms. Schools at all levels lacked basic infrastructure and teachers, suffer from poor intra- sectoral allocation, features abandoned capital projects among others. In the light of the above, Ola (1998: 14) once remarked "if you see any economy that is not doing well, find out what is spent on education". Against this background, the researcher examined financial allocation to secondary education and its implication to students' performance in West African Secondary Certification Examination (WASSCE) in Nigeria between1988 to 2007.
Handwork
However, handwork and crafts were to have a specific task in the curriculum namely to awaken creative powers which would find fruitful and useful application in as many ways as possible in later life and work. The younger child learns by play to fashion simply toys, developing what he or she makes out of stories.
Handwork refers to the soft material work using mainly unprocessed raw materials. Handcraft includes clay, wood, paper, leather etc. craft is a specific type of work such as weaving, knitting, crocheting and embroidering. The students find these interesting. The student can also involve in other handwork such as cushions clothes, cane work, basket work, hats and dresses.
When creativity and human needs come together, the students can take real responsibility for what he/she does in the workshop and may rightly experience that he/she has made a valuable contribution both in the social and economic life of his/her immediate environment.
The principle can also see different handwork mentioned above as sources of income that are generated within the school as they can be displayed during an important occasion by the school.
Philanthropist
Most times, Philanthropist support has been a great to the school management. philanthropic programs or scholarships seek to give someone with a disadvantaged background or someone with particular skills or talents the chance to better themselves and contribute positively to society.
This is usually done by providing money to cover the costs of education and training. Some programs and scholarships also extend to paying for your living costs such as rent, utilities and food. Philanthropic programs and scholarships are not just limited to help you to excel in a particular area of your life. There are also philanthropic programs designed to help you to help serve the community better by providing you with a grant to start or continue a program or activity that benefits your community in some way
