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Application Of Fuzzy Logic Technique For Power Loss Reduction In The Nigeria 330kv System
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Electrical
energy is generated at power stations which are usually located far
away from load centres [1]. Thus, a network of conductors between the
power stations and the consumers is required in order to harness the
power generated. This network of conductors may be divided into two main
components, namely, the transmission system and the distribution system
[1]. As power flows in the lines, a significant amount is lost.
Accurate knowledge of these power losses on transmission lines and their
minimization is a critical component for efficient flow of power in an
electrical network. Power losses result in lower power availability to
final consumers. Hence, adequate measures need to be taken to reduce
power losses to the barest minimum.
Power plants' planning in a way
to meet the power network load demand is one of the most important and
essential issues in power systems. Since transmission lines connect
generating plants and substations in power network, the analysis,
computation and reduction of transmission losses in these networks are
of great concern to scientists and engineers.
Studies have indicated that as much as 9% or more of total power generated is consumed as [1]
losses
at the transmission level [2]. The losses can be separated to active
and reactive component of branch current, where the losses produced by
reactive current can be reduced by the installation of shunt capacitors.
Capacitors (capacitor banks) are widely used in transmission systems to
reduce energy and peak demand losses, release the MVA capacities of
transmission apparatus and to maintain a voltage profile within
permissible limits [3]. The objective of optimal capacitor placement
problem is to determine the size, type, and location of capacitors to be
installed on the transmission network to achieve positive economic
response. The economic
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benefits obtained from the loss
reduction weighted against capacitors costs while keeping the
operational and power quality constraints within required limits. Fuzzy
logic provides a remedy for any lack of uncertainty in the data. Fuzzy
logic is a subset of conventional (Boolean) logic that has been extended
to handle the concepts of partial truth-values, between ‘completely
true’ and ‘completely false’.
The ideas of fuzzy logic dates all the
way back to Plato who proposed that there is a third region between true
and false. Fuzzy logic is a technique of making a choice answer to
questions, other than ‘yes’ or ‘no’. It resembles human reasoning in the
use of approximate information and uncertainty to generate decision.
The fuzzy logic is a designed technique used in providing tools for
dealing with imprecision that are intrinsic to many problems. The fuzzy
set theory implements clauses of data that are not sharply defined. To
that effect, the degree of power loss incurred in transmission lines is
evaluated using Fuzzy logic in MATLAB toolbox.
Furthermore fuzzy
logic has the advantage of including heuristics and representing
engineering judgments into the capacitor allocation optimization
process.
1.2 Statement Of The Problem
Presently, many electrical
energy companies in a number of countries are experiencing very high
losses. Studies show that about 9% of total power generated is wasted in
the form of losses at the transmission level in Nigeria [1]. Similarly,
voltage drops and/or over-voltages are frequently experienced by TCN in
transmitting electricity. To reduce these losses and improve voltage
profile, shunt capacitor banks are installed on transmission
sub-stations. With active power loss reduction and voltage profile
improvement as objectives, the optimal capacitor placement problem aims
to determine the optimal capacitor location and capacitor sizes in the
transmission systems. Efficient methods are required to determine the
best location and sizes.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]To improve the overall efficiency of the power system, the performance
of transmission system must be improved. Some of the vital ways of
achieving this objective is by reducing power losses in the system and
also improving voltage profile. An important method of controlling bus
voltage is by shunt capacitor banks in the transmission substations. The
capacitor absorbs reactive power flow in the system, thus improving
power factor. When this is done, active power is also improved. In ... Continue reading---
