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Entrepreneurship Skills Acquisition And Product Innovation In Nigeria
[A CASE STUDY OF NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA NOUN]
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Historically, research on entrepreneurship started much earlier, and traces its roots to different motivations and theoretical concerns. The historical study of entrepreneurship has been particularly concerned with understanding the process of structural change and development within economies. Business historians have focused on understanding the underlying character and causes of the historical transformation of businesses, industries and economies. This historical research has typically employed a Schumpeterian definition of entrepreneurship. Unlike the recent management scholarship, it has not focused primarily on new firm formation, but rather on the varying forms that innovative activity has taken and on the role of innovative entrepreneurship in driving changes in the historical context of business, industry, and the economy. The concept of entrepreneurship played a formative role in the emergence of business history as a distinct academic field. Since the middle of the nineteenth century, economic historians had critiqued the static theories of classical and neoclassical economic thought by documenting the ways in which the structure of economies had changed over historical time.
This early historicism emphasized the ways in which the institutions of capitalism and industrialism evolved (Hodgson 2001). By the early twentieth century, however, a number of historians and historical sociologists had moved beyond the institutional perspective to emphasize the mentality and agency of entrepreneurs in the process of economic change. German historical sociologists explored the role of religion and social relations in the development of modern capitalist attitudes toward economic gain and economic opportunity (Weber 1904, English translation 1930; Simmel 1908, English translation 1950; Sombart 1911). By the middle decades of the century economic and business historians were very engaged in researching the careers of influential eighteenth-century entrepreneurs as a way of understanding the causes of the Industrial Revolution (Ashton 1939; Wilson 1955; McKendrik 1959, 1964).
These studies focused attention on the creative agency and subjectivity of individuals in the process of economic change. This growing attention to entrepreneurs as agents of historical change was bolstered by the theoretical work of Joseph Schumpeter. The Austrian economist’s ideas helped establish entrepreneurship as a substantive area of historical research and deepened the significance of the business historians’ endeavors by linking entrepreneurship to a theory of economic change. Schumpeter argued that the essence of entrepreneurial activity lay in the creation of “new combinations” that disrupted the competitive equilibrium of existing markets, products, processes and organizations (Schumpeter 1947).
The creation of such new combinations, he elaborated, was a constant source of change within markets, industries, and national economies. It underlay the “creative destruction” that replaced old 6 forms of economic transaction with new forms in capitalist economies (Schumpeter 1942). In the decade leading up to his death in 1950, Schumpeter repeatedly stressed that the empirical study of entrepreneurship was an inherently historical endeavor because the phenomenon was best understood in retrospect as a critical element in the process of industrial and economic change. Social scientific investigation of entrepreneurship needed to focus not only on entrepreneurs and their firms but also on temporal changes in the industries, markets, societies, economies, and political systems in which they operated, an eclectic approach that history could provide (McCraw 2006).therefore, Entrepreneurship is a process of wealth creation. As such it was a fact of life long before there were any written words, yet it is not particularly noted in the classic economic literature, nor is it given a place as a separate discipline in the academic community. An emerging trend began in the 1950s, when a few universities in Japan and the U.S. initiated courses in small business management as electives in the business curriculum. Not until the 70’s, 80s and 90’s, as a means of career alternative for individuals and a solution to stimulate and revitalize a nation's economy, did entrepreneurship finally earn its place in institutes of higher learning, government and the professions. Today, virtually from all corners of the world, entrepreneurship seems to have been sought as an alternative to both extremes of ideology - capitalism on the one hand, and socialism (including communism) on the other.
In fact, since the thought that 'the triumph of capitalism will be communism' is still in many people's minds, entrepreneurship appears to be the only sensible solution, not only to provide financial gains to the individual and add value to the society, but also as a method of allocation of wealth in the market economy with minimum intervention from the government. Regardless of the attention provided by everyone concerned about the wealth of nations and its relationship with the development of 'Entrepreneurial Mind, and Enterprising Culture', defining entrepreneurship is still a difficult task. Although there is no consensus among academics about how entrepreneurship should be defined, a definition is needed, not merely for the sake of clarification, but for study, research and policy reasons. A proper definition for 'Entrepreneurship' will give it a respectable place in human endeavours, useful for economic development worldwide, even though the argument may go on forever.on the other hand, Innovation is a key driver of progress and development as well as a source of inventions in all areas of society, technology, and administration (Farazmand 2004: 8). Innovation is the one business activity that has been most closely related to economic growth (Guzman-Cuevas et al. 2009). From the business perspective, innovation is considered to be a strategic instrument that serves to build and enhance business capabilities (Farazmand 2004: 5) and it can be defined as the implementation of something new, original, significant, or valuable (Luecke and Katz 2003) or a significant change that occurs through an array of substantial improvements (to a product, process, or service) in comparison with previous accomplishments (Harper and Becker 2004). Innovation is concerned with novelty in terms of product, service, process, program, or device (Damanpour 1991), ideas, approaches, methods, processes, structures, behaviors, attitudes, and cultures as well as technology, capabilities in the management and administration of communities, and in the management of various types of organizations (Farazmand 2004: 8).
An issue that many researchers find interesting concerns the disparate approaches to innovation by SMEs and large companies and the degree of their effectiveness. Some researchers claim that innovation may be of even greater importance for the SME sector than for large companies (Fritz 1989). In this study we would attempt to examine entrepreneurship skills acquisition and product innovation in nigeria
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]The concept of entrepreneurship played a formative role in the emergence of business history as a distinct academic field. Entrepreneurship is a process of wealth creation for an individual, community and the large society. The primary goal of this study is to examine entrepreneurship skills acquisition and product innovation in Nigeria. Specifically, the study sought to determine the relationship between entrepreneurial skill acquisition and product innovation in Nigeria.This study employed the ... Continue reading---
