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Evaluation Of Industrial Emission Damage Function Regulation And Implimentation And Its Suitabilities In The Control Of Air Pollution In The Nigeria Oil And Gas Industry
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The oil and gas industry is truly global,
with operations con¬ducted in every corner of the globe, from Alaska to
Australia, from Peru to China, and in every habitat from Arctic to
desert, from tropical rainforest to temperate woodland, from mangrove to
offshore.
The global community will rely heavily on oil and gas
supplies for the foreseeable future. World primary energy consumption in
1994 stood at nearly 8000 million tonnes of oil equivalents (BP
Statistical Review of World Energy, June 1995); oil and gas represented
63 per cent of world energy supply, with coal providing 27 per cent,
nuclear energy 7 per cent and hydro-electric 3 per cent. The challenge
is to meetworld energy demands, whilst minimizing adverse impact on the
environment by conforming to current good practice.
The exploitation
of oil and gas reserves has not always been without some ecological side
effects. Oil spills, damaged land, accidents and fires, and incidents
of air and water pollution have all been recorded at various times and
places. In recent times the social impact of operations, espe¬cially in
remote communities, has also attracted attention. The oil and gas
industry has worked for a long time to meet the challenge of providing
environmental protection. Much has already been achieved but the
industry recognizes that even more can be accomplished.
The United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de
Janeiro in June 1992—'The Earth Summit'—focused world attention on the
close links that exist between the environment and socio¬economic
development. The Summit reviewed global envir¬onmental issues and
resulted in two conventions (theFramework Convention on Climate Change
and the Convention on Biological Diversity), as well as the Rio
Declaration and Agenda 21—plan of action. The centralmessage of Agenda
21 is one of interdependence and cross- sector partnership, and the plan
of action provided a new approach to the wide-ranging socio-economic
and environ¬mental challenges facing the world community.
The broad
environmental issues faced by the oil and gas exploration and production
industry are manifested at both local and global levels. They include:
habitat protection and biodiversity, air emissions, marine and
freshwater discharges,incidents and oil spills, and soil and groundwater
contami¬nation. The industry has responded to these issues. The
chal¬lenge is to ensure that all operations conform to current good
practice.
The continual evolution of the environmental agenda must
also be taken into account. Industry places much emphasis on
establishing effective management systems and has gone a long way to
ensure that environmental issues are key components of corporate
culture, with the issues related to health, safety and environment often
being considered together, because they have much in common.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The
Plant commenced operations with a total number of 1,376 staff, made up
of 138 expatriates Technical Back-Up Services (TBS), and 1,246 Nigerian
Staff.
However, in 1999 EPCL started a gradual phase-out of the TBS
Personnel as most Nigerian staff gained adequate experience on the
operation and maintenance of the Plants.
At 138 expatriate TBS
Personnel the cost of about $2 million per month was abominable as it
had negative impact on the cost of operations and cash flow for the
Company. Today, the cost stands at about $0.64 million for 43 TBS
Personnel.
Historically, the Eleme Petrochemicals Complex Project was
started in the Project Engineering Division of the NNPC under Mr. S. A.
Kufeji as the General Manager, championed by Dr. E. I.Onyia, as Manager
Petrochemicals.
In early 1982, the Petrochemicals Division of the
NNPC was created, with Mr. 0. 0. Lolomari as the General Manager, while
Dr. E. I. Onyia continued his lead push for the petrochemicals
programme. Later that year, NNPC signed the Consultancy Agreement with
Foster Wheeler International Corporation of Reading, UK.
Following a
major re-organization of NNPC in October 1985, Dr.T. M. John was
appointed the co-ordinator of the Petrochemical Sector. During another
restructuring of the NNPC in 1988, Dr. T. M. John became the first
Managing Director of Eleme Petrochemicals Company Limited (EPCL).
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]The broad environmental issues faced by the oil and gasexploration and production industry are manifested at bothlocal and global levels. They include: habitat protection andbiodiversity, air emissions, marine and freshwater discharges,incidents and oil spills, and soil and groundwater contami¬nation. Research Methodology: The aim of this chapter is to briefly intimate the reader with various research designs used by the researchers. And Chi-square were used to analyse the techniques used.Pre ... Continue reading---
