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Knowledge And Causes Of Urinary Tract Infection As Perceived By Health Workers
[A CASE STUDY OF KAURA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE]
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a pathogenic invasion of the ruthenium with resultant inflammation, encompassing a spectrum of upper and lower urinary tract disease. Infections are classified as complicated or uncomplicated, based on host anatomy and comorbidities, and range clinically from benign self-limited cystitis to urosepsis. UTI is the most common extra intestinal infectious disease entity in women worldwide, and perhaps one of the most formidable challenges in clinical practice given its high prevalence, frequent recurrence, myriad associated morbidities, and rapidly evolving antimicrobial resistance. Achieving timely symptoms relief and infection control is often preventing morbidity, growth of resistant organisms, and recurrent infections are often difficult. The management of community-acquired UTI is plagued by a dearth of dependable culture data, accessible and updated local antimicrobial resistance patterns, and clear guidelines for treatment and prevention of recurrent UTI, as well as identification patterns of infection that warrant additional evaluation.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are considered to be the most common bacterial infection according to National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital (2016). Usually, the infection affect otherwise healthy person of any age most of this people are treated as outpatient. Untreated urinary tract infection (UTI) can have a devastating consequence on health.
Nevertheless it is difficult to accurately access the incidence of (UTI’s) because the situation is further complicated by the fact that accurate diagnosis depends on both the presence of symptom and positive in a urine culture. Women are significantly more likely to experience urinary tract infection (UTI) than men. Because nearly 1 in 3 women will have at least 1 episode of urinary tract (UTI) requiring anti-microbial therapy by age of 24 years almost half of all women will experience urinary tract infection during their life time. The urinary tract is a body drainage system for removing wastes and extra water which include two kidneys, two ureters a bladder and a urethra. Anderson, et al (2004).
According to Nicole et al (2001). The urinary tract infection can be define as the inflammation of the urinary tract due to infection by bacterial or virus that can extend from one urinary tract organ to the other. There is likelihood of more than one organ in the urinary organs to be affected at times and they are cause by micro organism which are too small to be seen with the necked eye which include fungi, virus, and bacteria. Bacteria are the most common cause of urinary tract infection under normal circumstance bacteria that enters the body or the urinary tract are rapidly removed by the body before they cause symptoms.
However, sometimes the bacteria overcome the body defenses and cause infection in the urethra called Urethritis, a bladder is called cystitis. Bacteria may travel up to the ureter to multiply and infects the kidney. The kidney infection is known as pyelonephritsi.
Another cause for urinary tract infection is E.Coli. it causes 80% of urinary tract infection with staphylococcus being the cause in 5-10% rarely to be due to viral or fungal infections. With the aforementioned urinary tract infection is the second most common types of infection in the body occurring for about 8.1million visit to the health care provider each year. Schaeffer et al (1999).
Urinary tract infection is a specific term used to denote anatomic site of infection, commonly the site is indicated as lower urinary or upper urinary tract infection. The infection of the lower urinary tract is known as simple cystitis (bladder infection) this may include painful urination or urge to urinate due to prostrate or epididymis (prostrate or epididymilitis) in men. While in a women there may be vaginal discharge and significant pain. The symptoms vary from mild to severe.
The upper tract infection is known as pyelonephritis (kidney infection) the infection include perinephric assess and internal abscess which may come with fever or flank pain, the upper tract infection are serious and difficult to eradicate than lower tract infection. They can be categorize as uncomplicated urinary tract infections and cystitis in patients who have no congenital or acquire structural abnormalities or neurologic dysfunctions including any UTI in pregnant woman are complicated.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT The incidence has been on the increase which gave rise to kidney damage urine retention and infertility. This researcher to embark on a research study on Knowledge and causes of urinary tract infection as perceived by Health workers in Kaura Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Some of the objectives are to To determine the knowledge of urinary tract infection as perceived by Health Worker among women child bearing age in Kaura Local Government Area and to Assess the Knowl ... Continue reading---
QUESTIONNAIRE - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]QUESTIONNAIRE COMMUNITY HEALTH OFFICERS’ TRAINING INSTITUTION DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 1: Distribution of respondents by age-group Table 2: Distribution of respondents by gender Table 3: Distribution of respondents by religion Table 4: Shows the respondents on Causes of Urinary Tract infection Table 5: Shows respondents on Effect of Urinary Tract Infections Table 6: Showing respondents on Preventive measures against UTI ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFigure 4.1: Distribution of respondents by age-group Table 2: Distribution of respondents by Marital Status Figure 4.3: Distribution of respondents by professional qualifications ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle page Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Table of contents List of tables List of Figures Abstract CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study 1.2 Statement of the problem. 1.3 Objectives of the study 1.4 Significance of the study 1.5 Scope of Study ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 13 ]Researchers all around the globe are making efforts to elucidate the significance of biofilm as a prime source of infection. It is a widely accepted fact that pregnancy is one of the crucial periods and lack of essential care can lead to adverse outcomes. There are several infections that can lead to pregnancy related complications and one of those is the urinary tract infection which invades the lower and the upper urinary tracts. Despite the fact that E. coli is responsible for causing the uri ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ] ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 11 ]Table 8: Frequent sexual activities is an important cause of urinary tract infectionTable Shows that 128 (32.8%) agreed that frequent sexual activities may cause UTI.Table 9: Women having sex for the first time or who have frequent sex after a period of abstinence are at risk of a condition called honeymoon cystitisTable Shows that 288 (73.8) strongly agreed that sex after long abstinence could cause UTI. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER FIVEDISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS5.1 Discussion of Findings The study revealed that urinary tract infection is a pathogenic invasion of the urothelium common among women in their productive age and that 310(79.5%) of the respondents strongly agreed that urinary tract infection is a common medical complain among women in their reproductive age, 345(88.5) said that it could be caused by micro-organism, 234(60%) supported the view that untreated UT ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCESAi-Achi, A. (2008). An Introduction to Botanical Medicines , History Science, use and dangers (http;/books.google;ca/books id- Hmzxkkua4.West port.com;praeger publishers.126 Anderson GG, Martin SM Hultgren SJ. Host subversion by formation of intracellular bacterial communities in the urinary tract. Microbes infect 2004.Anger JT, Litwin MS, Wang Q, et al. Complications of sling surgery among female medicare beneficiaries. Obstet Gynecol 2007.Aronson M, Medalia O, Schori L, et al. Prev ... Continue reading---
