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The Antiplasmodial Activity Of Extracts Of Edible Mushroom: Agaricus Bisporus On Plasmodium Berghei In Albino Mice
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5.0 Discussion
This result of the Gas Chromatograghy Mass Spectrophotometry identified the compounds present in the fruiting body of A. bisporus. The prevailing compounds in the aqueous extract were 1-Butanamine, 2-methyl-N- (2-methylbtylidene) (2.03%), 2-Pyrorolidinone (7.46%) while the prevailing compounds in the alcoholic extract were n-Hexadecanoic acid (19.47%) and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) (80.53%). According to Isaka et al. (2001), these are some of the active ingredients required for the synthesis of a potent drug against Plasmodium berghei. This finding is also in accordance with the result obtained by (Omoya et al., 2017). Further evaluation of pharmacological activity of each compounds in the extract would help identify the most potent compound for curing malaria. This could be synthesized and incorporated into modern drug production (Table 1).
The results of the effect of the suppressive tests and treatments on the weight of the mice shown in table 2 confirmed the effect of infection P. berghei. The reduction in the weight of the albino mice, according to Funmilola et al. (2014) is one of the most important factors that shows sign of infection or that infection has set in. For instance, the fact that the infection caused the reduction in the weight of the mice in group 6 when compared to the group not infected at all is a confirmation of this fact. This finding is also in accordance with the result obtained by (Oladunmoye et al., 2014; Omoya et al., 2017), in which the major sign that the albino rats used for the experiment were infected with Escherichia coli was the reduction of their weight.
Comparatively, while the weight of the control (the group that is neither infected nor treated) that increased from 21.8±0.44g to 24.7±0.65g; about 12% increase in the weight within the period of the experiment. The temperature of the mice as the experiment progressed showed that the infection of the mice caused a reduction in the temperature of the mice. According to Nester et al. (2014), malaria in mice causes the temperature to reduce in mice. This is a complete opposite to the phenomenon in man in which malaria causes a rise in temperature. Most of the mice had an average temperature of 36.8±1.22°C before the commencement of the experiment. This shows that they were apparently healthy and that they were previously not having malaria symptoms. Another confirmation of the effect of the parasites in the mice was the group that the control group had almost constant temperature all through the experiment.
The effect of the treatments on the parasitemia load of the experimental mice after 24 hours of administration of samples showed that the hot water extract of Agaricus bisporus mushroom was most effective. This probably indicates that the local people cooking it with water get sufficient nutrients (Akindahunsi and Oyetayo, 2012; Omoya et al., 2017). The effect of chloroquine may be attributed to the level of purity and extraction (Funmilola et al., 2014), hence the 82.97% suppression attained in the group infected and treated with the drug. Although, the ethanolic extract was equally active in suppressing the parasitemia level, but not as the water extract. The ability of the ethanolic to extract active components of the mushroom may be due to its polar nature, which is similar to water. Owolabi and Olarinoye (2010) reported that water and ethanol have a very close proximity in terms of polarity and as such, both will extract any substance at a very close rate.
Hence, the result of their percentage suppression was almost the same. The percentage suppression between 72 and 96 hours of administration of chloroquine was 100%, which means that the parasites were completely wiped out. This result shows the reason why chloroquine is still a drug of choice in the treatment of malaria today. Brooks et al. (2014) stated that chloroquine is one of the antimalarial drug that have stood the test of time in not being resisted by Plasmodium species. Equally the result of the variation of concentration of the mushroom extracts revealed that the higher the concentration, the higher the effectiveness of the extract as antiPlasmodium substance.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT IS COMING SOON ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]1.4 Aim and Objectives1.4.1 AimTo determine the antiplasmodial activity of extracts of edible mushroom: Agaricus bisporus on Plasmodium berghei in albino mice.1.4.2 ObjectivesThe specific objectives of this study were to:a. assess the analytical components of edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GCMS).b. determine the antiplasmodial activity of edible mushroom extract: (Agaricus bisporus) on Plasmodium berghei.c. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]HPLC-based activity profiling and subsequent chromatography of the ethyl acetate extract of Ganoderma lucidum yielded six lanostanes (106–112) of which three (107, 108, 112) were new (Fig. 1). These lanostanes exhibited moderate in vitro antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 6 to 20 Μm (Adams et al., 2010). Investigation of the chemical constituents of fungus, Cordyceps nipponica BCC 1389 led to the identification of four isolates of N-hydroxy- and N-methoxy-2-pyridones compounds ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER THREE3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS3.1 Sample Collection Sufficient mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) was gotten from Igunsin village, Akure north in Ondo State, Nigeria and taken to the Herbarium Service Unit (HSU), Department of Plant Biology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria for authentication with a voucher number of F.H.I. 11295.3.2 Drying and ExtractionThe mushroom samples were cut into pieces using a sharp knife. The pieces were air-dried properly ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0 RESULTSThe compounds present in the aqueous and alcoholic extract of Agaricus bisporus were identified by GC-MS analysis after analysis. Aqueous mushroom extract was labelled as A while the alcoholic extract was labelled B. The active principle Molecular Weight (MW), Concentration (%), Molecular Formula (MF), and Retention Time (RT). Nine compounds were identified in the extracts. The prevailing compounds in the aqueous extract were 1-Butanamine, 2-methyl-N- (2-methylbtylid ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCESAdams, M., Christen, M., Plitzko, I., Zimmermann, S., Brun, R., Kaiser, M., Hamburger, M. (2010) Antiplasmodial lanostanes from the Ganoderma lucidum mushroom. Journal of Natural Products, 73:897–900.Akindahunsi, A. A., and Oyetayo, F. L. (2012). Nutrient and anti-nutrient distribution of edible mushroom, Pleurotus tuberregium (Fries) Singer. Food Science and Technology, 39(5):548-553.Anthony, M.P., Burrows, J.N., Duparc, S., Moehrle, J.J.,Wells, T.N.C. (2012) The global pipelin ... Continue reading---
