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Marital Expectations Of Young Females
[A CASE STUDY OF OKE-ERO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KWARA STATE, NIGERIA]
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In the aspect of education and marital expectation, Anderberg and Zhu (2009) claimed that two stylized facts regarding the relationship between education and marriage are very well known. First, individuals who invest more in education tend to marry more educated partners than those who invest less, for example, there is a strong positive assortative mating on education. Second, while individuals who invest more in education tend to marry later in life, at higher ages they are nevertheless more are more likely to be married (Anderberg and Zhu, 2009).
The strong positive assortative mating in the marriage market has led to a popular argument that one part of an individual's economic return to acquiring education obtains through an increased probability of marrying a more qualified and higher-earning spouse. Indeed, this argument was made forcefully by Claudia Goldin (1992) who went so far as to argue that improving the chances of marrying a college-educated man was the main motive for women for entering college.
Ethnic differences also has its influence on marital expectation. Theoretically, group differences in demographic behaviour (especially fertility) have been interpreted in terms of two hypotheses: the ‘characteristics hypothesis’ and the ‘norms/cultural hypothesis’ (Addai, 1999; Addai and Trovato, 1999). Although these hypotheses have mainly been used to explain ethnic differences in fertility (Addai and Trovato, 1999), contraceptive use (Addai, 1999) and the duration of postpartum sexual abstinence (Zulu, 2001), they can also be useful in explaining ethnic differences in marriage expectations.
The characteristics hypothesis assigns ethnic differences in demographic behaviour (marriage patterns in this case) to differing socio-economic characteristics of individual members of different ethnic groups. Inherent in this hypothesis is the assumption that people of different ethnic background become assimilated into the socio-economic structure of the larger society (within the nation) as their socio-economic status improves through increased education, urban residence and modern occupations (Addai and Trovato, 1999). Ethnic affiliation can, therefore, be treated as an indicator of socio-economic status, degree of urbanisation and social mobility of the groups in a particular society. Marriage pattern differences among ethnic groups that may exist at one point in time are considered temporary phenomena, representing a social or cultural lag, which is often indicative of social and economic backwardness or deprivation (Zulu, 2001). Thus, irrespective of their ethnic background, women who possess the same socio-economic characteristics are expected to have similar marriage expectations. Therefore, once differences in socio-economic characteristics are controlled for, ethnic variations in age at marriage, and the propensity to enter polygynous marriages and to experience a marital dissolution should disappear.
Expectation about Marital Role by Young Female
According to Botkin, Weeks and Morris (2000) a study examining marriage role expectations in female students from 1961 to 1996, found that young female expected more egalitarian than traditional roles within the domains of marital authority, homemaking, child care, personal characteristics, social participation, education, and employment and support. Another study found that males with higher levels of expressiveness and more liberal ideals had higher expectations for role sharing in a marriage in comparison to males with lower levels of expressiveness and more conservative ideals (Botkin, Weeks and Morris, 2000). In the traditional African society, the woman is seen in the traditional role of childbearing/rearing and prowess at the domestic front (Osiruemu, 2004), thus, it is erroneously believed in some quarters that educated women tend to be proud, disrespectful to their husbands and parents, do not make good wives and are not interested/committed to their homes.
Girls according to Tammunoimama and Ordu (2012) learn how to cook and take care of the little ones and also acquire domestic skills from their mothers. It has been observed that from the traditional setup of the family that economic activities was closely connected to the home, in recent times, some changes have taken place which have affected the administration of the family. Whether women are farmers or traders or have paid employment, their economic and administrative role in the family forms a vital part of their self-image. They are no longer just “housewives†or “mothers†alone but attached to specific economic activities which give them security and autonomy. These changes have created new economic opportunities for women, thus the status of women have been affected and is now increasingly receiving attention globally (Ordu & Igbude, 2006). Tammunoimama and Ordu (2012) asserted that there is sufficient evidence in literature to show that there are drastic changes in female labour force involvement in developing countries, Nigeria inclusive. The launching of women educational programme in 1987 has demonstrated its commitment to the cause of women to have equal opportunities in their educational and national aspirations (Tammunoimama & Ordu, 2012).
Education has led to the acquisition of new values and ideas, which in turn led to a change in both the family structure and social system hence enables them to be gainfully employed and subsequently become income earners thereby assisting their husbands financially, participate in various endeavours outside the home and finally assist in planning for their families. Estimates from the 1991 census gives the statistics that at least 25% of Nigerian women are in the work force (Osiruemu, 2004), women are now involved in various facets of human endeavour such as teaching, nursing, banking, health services and a host of others as a result of educational attainment.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTThe study examined the marital expectation of young females in Oke Ero Local Government. The study focused on extent to which variables such as age, religion, family type and educational status influence marital expectations of young females in Oke Ero L.G.A. The research adopted survey research design method. The population of the study comprised of all the 18,612 young females in Oke Ero L.G.A. Proportional sampling technique was used to select 2% of 18,612 young female in Oke Ero L.G. ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX 1UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN, ILORININSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONDEPARTMENT OF COUNSELLOR EDUCATIONQUESTIONNAIRE ON MARITAL EXPECTATION OF YOUNG FEMALES This questionnaire is designed to elicit information on “marital expectations of young female in Oke Ero Local Government Areaâ€. You are requested to respond to the questions to the items honestly such responses are for academic purpose and will be strictly treated as confidential. Thank you for your usual cooperation.SECTION A : De ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSCONTENTS Title page Certification Dedication Acknowledgements Table of Contents Abstract CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTIONBackground to the Study Statement of the Problem Research Questions Research Hypotheses Purpose of the Study Significance of the Study Scope of the Study Operational Definition of Terms CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREConcept of Marital Expectation Concept of Young F ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Scope of the Study This study focused on marital expectations of young females in Oke Ero Local Government. Hence, the study waslimited to young females in Oke Ero Local Government. Moderating variables of age, religion, family type and educational background were considered as they affect their marital expectations. Purposive sampling technique was used to select young female in Oke Ero local government while questionnaire was the instrument for obtaining information pertaining to marital ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]Reliability of the Instrument Reliability refers to the consistency with which the instrument measures what it purports to measure (Kolawole, 2002). The reliability of this instrument was carried out using test re-test technique. The instrument was administered twice to young female in Offa local government for the pilot study outside the study area with interval of four weeks. The result of the first administration was compared with the result of the second administration using Pearson Pr ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]Hypothesis Three:There is no significant difference in the marital expectations of young females in Oke-Ero LGA based on family structure.Table 5 shows that, under 418 degree of freedom (df), the calculated t-value of 1.92 is less than the critical t-value of 1.96. Similarly, the corresponding p-value of 0.06 is greater than the significant p-value of 0.05. This indicates that there was no significant difference in respondents’ marital expectations based on family structure; hence, the hy ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]ConclusionThe findings of the study revealed that marital expectations of young females in Oke-Ero LGA involves having a lifelong relationship, getting married when they are adult, couple’s supporting family financially, being submissive to their spouses, that their marriage should be fulfilling and satisfying even when raising children and to earn income in order to improve their marital life. There was no significant difference in the marital expectations of young females in Oke-Ero LGA ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCESAddai, J. & Trovato, L. (1999). Self-directed, therapist directed, and assessment-based interventions for premarital couples. Family Relations, 56, 279-290.Addai, K. (1999); Personality and temperament correlates of marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality, 67, 93-125.Alexander, K. (2008). Epilogue: A strengths-based conceptual framework for understanding families world-wide. Marriage & Family Review, 41, 447.Amato, P. R. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and children. ... Continue reading---
