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Effect Of Cognitive Restructuring And Shaping Techniques In Handling Lateness To School Among Secondary School Students
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CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter reviewed literature related to this study.
The review is organized under the following subheadings:
Conceptual Framework
The concept of Cognitive Restructuring The concept of Shaping
The concept of Lateness
Theoretical Framework
Theories of Cognitive Restructuring Theories of Shaping
Lateness:
Causes of Lateness
Effects of Lateness
Strategies for Reducing Lateness
Empirical Framework
Empirical studies on effect of cognitive restructuring on changing undesirable behaviour.
Empirical studies on effect of shaping on changing undesirable behaviour.
Empirical studies on lateness.
Summary of Related Literature
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The Concepts of Cognitive Restructuring
Cognitive restructuring is a generic name for strategies used to disperse maladaptive thoughts and to substitute adaptive thoughts in their stead (Akinade and Adedipe, 1994). Colman (2003) sees cognitive restructuring as any form of cognitive therapy, especially rational emotive behaviour therapy, in which clients are encouraged and helped to adopt more rational or constructive ways of thinking about their problems.
Cognitive therapy according to Colman (2003) is a form of psychotherapy aimed at modifying people’s beliefs, expectations, assumptions and styles of thinking, based on the assumptions that psychological problems often stem from erroneous patterns of thinking and distorted perception of reality. It is also a psychosocial therapy that assumes that faulty thought patterns cause maladaptive behaviour and emotional responses. The treatment focuses on changing thoughts in order to solve psychological and personality problems (Internet Resources 2007). Writing on cognitive restructuring, (Essuman, Nwaogu & Nwachuku, 1990) asserted that it means to get the individual to avoid crooked irrational thinking and think straight and rationally.
The cognitive restructuring technique is the process of learning to expose cognitive distortions or fundamental “faulty thinking†with the goal of replacing one’s irrational, counter-factual beliefs with the more accurate and beneficial ones (Internet Resources, 2007).
As the name implies, cognitive restructuring means to restructure the already acquired irrational thoughts, beliefs and philosophies which an individual has acquired by redressing and changing them at the mental level of the person concerned to ensure their happiness and efficiency at school or work place (Uba, 1989). The technique attempts to teach a client how to interpret situations with greater accuracy. It alters ones thought patterns with a view to achieving rightful thought pattern associated with right behaviour.
Since the therapy itself takes the view that it is how we perceive things that determines how we act towards them, (Hayes, 1994), and for the fact that the way an individual thinks, affects his/her behaviour, it is believed that intervening at the cognitive/mental level of people (which cognitive restructuring does) whose thoughts are irrational will bring about a positive attitude as well as positive behaviour towards an identified problem. The technique can as well be said to enable one change the way one thinks, feels and acts towards adaptive behaviour, that is, behaviour that is not counter-productive or that interferes with everyday living.
The technique demands that in changing the behaviour that is negative, there should be reorientation of the person concerned, in the form of providing the individual with adequate knowledge about the subject matter. Cognitive restructuring techniques will alter behaviours by changing the perception and thinking of the individual. As a reorientation programmes, it directs the individual to right thinking and right behaviour by increasing their perception.
The Concept of Shaping
Shaping or the method of reinforcing successive approximation is a positive reinforcement strategy (Davidoff, 1987). The word shaping was first used by Skinner (Essuman, Nwogu, & Nwachuku, 1990) to show the use of reinforcement in changing behaviour. Chauhan (as cited in Akinade & Adedipe, 1994) said that shaping is judicious use of selective reinforcement to bring certain desirable changes in the behaviour of an organism.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT The study was on the effect of cognitive restructuring and shaping techniques in reducing lateness among secondary school students. The study was carried out in Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State using quasi-experimental design. Two hundred and sixty-five (265) latecomers made up the population of the study, while ninety (90) latecomers made up the sample. An observation guide designed by the researcher was used for data collection. Three research questions were answered using ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 2 ] ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX C - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]Day 7 (7th session) MondayObjective: Cumulative effect of lateness and lateness- provoked behaviours.Step 1: The researcher warmly welcomed the students, saying: My beloved students, welcome to another session of the programme. I hope that as much as we have gone, you are now convinced that lateness to school is bad. Therefore, every effort should be made to avoid being late to school. Today, we will discuss more of the adverse effect of lateness in terms of its cumulative effect and other b ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX B - [ Total Page(s): 11 ]APPENDIX 2SPSS OUTPUT ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE DATA COLLECTED ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 1 Diagrammatic representation of the experimental designTable 2 Pretest and posttest scores of number of days the of the students who received cognitive restructuring and those in the control groupTable 3 Frequency of students’ magnitude of lateness after receiving cognitive restructuring and the control groupTable 4 Pretest and posttest scores of number of days the of the students who received shaping technique and those in the control groupTab ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTS PageTITLE PAGE APPROVAL PAGE CERTIFICATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Purpose of the Study Significance of the Study Scope of the Study Research Questions Hypotheses CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 12Conceptual Framework The concept of cognitive restructuring ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]It is important to note that these techniques have proved effective in handling some problem behaviours. For instance, Chukwunonyem (2001) used cognitive restructuring technique to change pupils’ behaviour in mathematics, and Isaac (as cited in Akinade & Adedipe, 1994) used shaping successfully to reinstate verbal behaviour in hospitalized psychotics. Therefore, it is hoped that the techniques will also be effective in handling lateness among students.Statement of the ProblemMany seco ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]CHAPTER THREERESEARCH METHODThis chapter is concerned with the method and procedures that were used to conduct the study. Specifically, it described the following:• Research Design• Area of the Study• Population of the Study• Sample and Sampling Technique• Instrument for Data Collection• Validation of Instrument• Reliability of Instrument• Method of Data Collection• Experimental Proced ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 8 ]Table 4 shows that after receiving shaping technique therapy, one out of the 30 students who were late for 20 days before the treatment came late for 12 days, 5 of them came late for 14 days, 6 came late for 15 days, 2 came late for 16 days, 5 of them came late for 17 days and 5 of them came late for 18 days. Also 5 of the students came late for 19 days while one of them came late for 20 days, showing no change in behaviour.Again 2 of the 30 students in the control group came late for 18 days, 3 ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]ConclusionsFrom the discussions, lateness to school has been in existence and people have been contemplating and participating in the battle against the ugly behaviour. Today, the findings of this study have opened the doors of hope.First and foremost, cognitive restructuring has been found to be effective in reducing both the number of days of lateness and magnitude of lateness of habitual latecomers. Also, shaping technique has been found to be very effective not only in reducing the number of ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCESAdebayo, P.O. (Ed.). (1975). Principles of education and practice of education. Ado-Ekiti: Omalayo Standard Press.Adejumo, D. Adamolekun (1993). Adolescent psychology. in A. Aladejana, D. Adajumo, O. Makinde & A. Uba. (eds.) Essentials of educational foundation and counselling. Ibadan: Claverum Press.Adeloye, J. T. (2001). Patterns of child abuse in kano metropolis. Ahmadu Bello University. Journal of counselling and human development, 1(1), 118–125.Afolagbe, E. O. (1983). P ... Continue reading---
