-
Influence Of Location And Gender On Performance Of Selected Motor Skills Among Secondary School Student
[AWKA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ANAMBRA STATE]
CHAPTER TWO -- [Total Page(s) 6]
Page 5 of 6
-
-
-
these schools, there are usually nice laboratory equipments which facilitate teaching and learning exercise. The students here are normally selected based on their performances in the common entrance examinations. Furthermore, the teachers in these schools are usually qualified teachers. Hence the students here are more opportuned in a way than those in rural schools.
Blakemere and Cookey (1990) observed that in most countries today education is approved for political, moral, psychological, economic reasons, so that the citizens might have educational opportunities. In spite of these efforts inequalities still persist, because of differences in social class, religious belief, individual abilities among others. Therefore, educational sociologists have increasingly turned to a consideration of these factors, particular, that of the school environment to identify those that are most likely to encourage a favourable response to good academic performance.
Consequently, it is believed that school environment affects academic and motor skill performance. Aigbomian (1997) quoting Dowey said that we never educate directly but indirectly by means of environment. In the same light he noted that the child is the product of his total environment. Bidwell and Kasarda (1995) said that the schools do not operate in social vacuum, but that they are normally the product of the environment. That the environment has a substantial influence on the school, according to these individuals, is quite beyond dispute. However, the question people ask is, given two environments-urban and rural which one has a more favorable influence on the academic performance / motor skill performance of the students using physical education and economic subjects as examples? According to Terman and Merril in Bar (1990) rural children are definitely inferior in general ability than a group of urban children. They further claim that this conclusion was reached by other investigators like Burt who testing rural and urban schools in England found twice as many as-normal children in the former than in the later. Brembeck (1991) stressed that urban confusions, insecurity and high rate of both adult and juvenile delinquencies, is not conductive to the academic pursuits of the young children, hence they achieve lower their rural counterparts even when infrastructures are in good supply.
In other words, the interventions made in areas of social deprivation and the detailed findings indicate that when children from disadvantaged homes were exposed to more stimulating environment. Almost without exception, children should substantiate gains in intelligent quotient and other cognitive measures during the first year of the programme, attaining or even exceeding the average for their age, (Bronfen-brunner in Clarke, 1996). Again, if such children complete such an intervention programme and are returned to their previous unsatisfactory environments, then typically after a while their 1.qs do drop a little, but the most recent long-term evaluations of such studies show that there are enduring cognitive gains.
Bidwell and Kasarda (1995) contributed that in large urban center, temperatures tend to be higher, but the humidity of the lower humidity usually does not compensate for the effects of temperature. He added that disadvantage for urban dwellers is that building often impair the natural ventilation and this is especially the case near ground level, where most people work and live. William (1990) stated that inhabitants of tropical urban centers may suffer much more frequently from high sensible temperatures than people in the surrounding rural areas. Nieuwolt (1997) added that the effects of urban heart island are particularly strong in areas of dense settlements, where the majority of urban population is concentrated.
People are attracted to the city with the hope of increased well-being and job opportunities which thus the urban dwellers are confronted with problems of environmental population, housing and inadequate or zero social welfare facility provision, which result in health impairment. They get exposed to pollutants and suffer from many diseases such as tuberculosis, cholera, dysentery and a host of others.
Sule (2001) and Mabogunje (1991) suggested that all over the developing world more people are crowding into cities, making do with irregular water supply, epileptic energy supply, unemployment, how levels of life expectancy and poor nutritional status. Other challenges of urbanization are perceived from urban poverty. Urban poverty is apparent in low literacy rates, increased crime and increasing in numbers of street children and the destitute. The causes of urban environmental degradation (Leitmann, 1994) are associated with poor management practices, inadequate technologies, lack of public and political interest, governance problems, inadequate and inefficient legal and economic policies and lack of knowledge of information. Furthermore, indoor air pollution contribute to acute respiratory infection such as chronic coughing in urban children which is the chief killers of young children in developing countries.
It is our view that environmental factors are, on balance, more important than innate factors in determining how well any individual adapts to the cognitive, emotional physical and social demands of life.
Summary of Related Literature
Motor skills have been referred to as the very heart and core of the physical education programme because it is through motor performance that most learning and accomplishments attributed to physical education become visible. There are two categories of motor skills are: fine motor skills and gross motor skills. Fine motor skills refer to the neuromuscular co-ordination involved in precision, oriented tasks such as typing, piano playing, needle threading. While gross motor skills involves the contraction and usage of the large muscle of the body. The importance of
CHAPTER TWO -- [Total Page(s) 6]
Page 5 of 6
-
-
ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTThe study explored the influence of location and gender on performance of some selected motor skills among Secondary Schools in Awka South Local Government Area. The population of the study involved all male and female Secondary Schools students in urban and rural areas of Awka South Local Government, Anambra State. Four schools out of eighteen schools were used for the study. Two schools are from Urban while the other two are from rural. Two hundred subjects made of hundred boys and hun ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX C - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Appendix 3The Letter of Introduction Obtained from My Supervisor Department of Health and Physical Education Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX B - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Appendix 2Urban SchoolsBoys’ High School Amawbia Girls’ Secondary School AmawbiaCommunity Secondary School Agulu Awka Capital City Secondary School AwkaEzi Awka Secondary School Awka Girls’ Secondary School AwkaIgwebuike Grammar Secondary School Awka Ken. Dike Memorial School AwkaSt. John of God AwkaCommunity Secondary School Umuokpu AwkaRural SchoolsCommunity Secondary School MbaukwuHoly Cross High School, Umuawulu/Mbaukwu Ezike High School NiboNneoma Girls’ Secondar ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESPage1. Means X and Standard Deviation (SD) of Urban and Rural Girls Performances in 50 metres Dash,Standing Broad Jump and 10 metres Shuttle Run. 2. Means X and Standard Deviation (SD) of Rural and Urban Boys’ skill Performances in 50 metres Dash, Standing Broad Jump and 10 metres Shuttle Run.3. Means X and Standard Deviation (SD) of Boys and Girls skill Performances in 50 metres Dash, Standing Broad Jump and 10 metres Sh ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX D - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Appendix 4Schools Sampled for the StudySt. John of God AwkaIgwebuike Grammar Secondary School Awka Girls’ Secondary School UmuawuluEmeka Aghasili High School Nise ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX E - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Appendix 5 ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle Page Approval Page Certification Dedication Acknowledgements Abstract Table of Contents List of Tables List of Appendices Chapter One Introduction Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Purpose of the Study Significance of the Study Scope of the Study Research Questions Hypotheses Chapter TwoReview of Related Literature Motor Skill Performance Gender and Motor ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX F - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Appendix 6Computation of t-test for Urban and Rural Girls for Effects of 50m Dash, Standing Broad Jump and 10m Shuttle Run. ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX G - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Appendix 7Computation of t-test for Urban and Rural Boys for Effects of 50 Metres Dash, Standing Broad Jump and 10 Metres Shuttle Run(I) 50 Metres Dash ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX H - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Appendix 8Computation of t-test for Boys and Girls for Effects of50 Metres Dash, Standing Broad Jump and 10 Metres Shuttle Run ... Continue reading---
List of Appendixes - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF APPENDICESPage1. List of Secondary Schools in Awka South Local Government Area and Their Population.2. Urban Schools and Rural Schools.3. Letter of Permission from My Supervisor.4. Schools Sampled for the Study.5.
I) The Skill Performance of Urban and Rural Girls in 50 Metres
Dash, Standing Broad Jump and 10 Metres Shuttle Run.II) The Skill Performance of Urban and Rural Boys in 50 metres Dash, Standing Broad Jump and 10 metre ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]Scope of the Study There are various factors responsible for motor skills performance, such as, location, gender, maturation, age, heredity, motivation, and physical fitness. Among these factors, the study focuses on location and gender. In addition, there are so many secondary schools in Awka South Local Government Area. The study concentrated on two secondary schools from urban and two from rural areas. They include: St John of God Awka, Igwebuike Grammar School, Awka, Girls’ Seco ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]trials was recorded to the nearest centimeter (Obidiegwu, 2006).3. 10 metres Shuttle RunFacility and Equipment: Bean bags and stop watch.Test Administration: It was conducted over a 10 metres course. Two parallel lines were drawn 10 metres apart, and bean bags were placed on one of the lines. The performer started, and ran from the opposite line, picked up one bean bag and brought back to where he began. The performer then, returned for the other bean bags which he carried across the finis ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]The result in table 12 above implied that the calculated value of 12.71 was higher than the table value of 2.00 the null hypothesis was hereby rejected. Hence girls had performed better than boys at 0.5 level.Summary of Major FindingsBased on the data analysed, the following findings were deduced.1. Gender and location significantly influenced the selected motor skills performance of secondary school students in Awka South Local Government Area.2. Rural girls had better mean scores t ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVEDISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSThe purpose of the study was to find out the effect of location and gender on performance of selected motor skills among secondary school students in Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State. The findings of the student results were discussed in this chapter. Also highlighted were conclusion, educational implications, recommendations and suggestions for further research.The discussion was organized under these headings:1) The e ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ReferencesAbel, T. & Lattal, K. M. (2001). Mechanism of memory Acquisition, Consolidation and Retrieval Curriculum Opin Neurobio, 11:180-187.Adrian, M. (1972) Sex Difference in Biomechanics in Woman and Sport. A National Research Conference. Hair is, D.Y. Education, Title Work Pennsylvania State 2, 239 – 397.Aigbomian, D. (1997). Influence of Location on the Understanding of Secondary School Physics, Journal of Research in Learning and Teaching.Anyanwu, S., (1980). Issues in Patterns of W ... Continue reading---
