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Motivation, A Technique For Productivity And Efficiency In University
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The
topic is chosen in recognition of the fact that in many organizations
today, administrators and managers alike are faced with innumerable
management challenges especially problems connected with motivating
people. In discussing this aspect of management problem, renowned
authors have agreed that motivation rightly comes under activation.
Practitioners
are also fully aware that besides activating, one of the four major
functions of management is the maintenance of congenial work environment
of performance of individuals working together in the groups toward the
accomplishment of a common objective.
To be able to create and
maintain this conducive organizational atmosphere necessary for inducing
productivity geared towards achieving predetermined objective in the
organizational, administrators must have a thorough knowledge and
understanding of human motivation.
Motivation in organizations has
received increased attention in recent years among practicing managers
and organizational researchers. Managers in all type of organizations
are continually faced with the fact that vast differences exist in the
performance of a group of employees, Some of them perform at high levels
and need little or no supervision an appear to enjoy what they are
doing while on the other hand, others perform only at a marginal level
and require constant supervision and are often absent from office.
Motivation
is an important concept to behavioural scientist. Many scientist like
Elton Mayor, Urwick, Gullie, Abraham Maslow, Aldefer and Frederick
Taylor embarked on researches on the concept and have found out that
through motivational factors or inputs, things like money-wages, bonuses
and other incentives, the lot of organizations and employees can be
improved and that without proper integration and direction from
management, the organizational goal might not be achieved.
There are
at least three major reasons that account for emergence of motivation as
a principal of interest First, the ever increasing external forces of
national and international competition, economic, social, and
technological and- governmental conditions have forced management to
develop and acquire new techniques and mechanisms to increase or
maintain levels of organizational efficiency and effectiveness. This
requires the effective utilization of all the resources of the
organization.
Second and closely related to the first is the growing
perspective of considering human resources in terms of an infinite
labour pool in which frequent changes can occur because of the endless
supply of qualified individuals. More emphasis is being placed by
managers on developing, stimulating and maintaining an effective
workforce at all skill levels through the use of such strategies as job
design, management by objectives and skill training.
Finally, the
views of people in the work place have undergone a significant change.
Motivation theorists have developed slightly different viewpoints of
motivation that place emphasis on different concepts in general. The
differing views about motivation leads to a number of different
conclusions:
(i) The analysis of motivation should concentrate on factors that arouse or incite a person's activities.
(ii) Motivation is process oriented and concerns choice direction and goal
(iii)
Motivation IS also concerned with how behaviour is started, sustained
or stopped and what kind of subjective reaction is present in the person
while this is going on.
The major theme of motivational theory began
moving from philosophical to move psychological. The theories that
evolved motivation attempted to explain the behaviour of individuals
through an investigation of variables that focused both on the
individual and the situation in which the individual interacted.
The
early managerial motivational theories have been identified as
prescription models because they purported to tell the managers how to
motivate employees. To understand motivation, one first must comprehend
the process of human behaviour. This is done through the study of
attitudes, needs and cognitive process. From the managerial perspective,
we can say that motivation relates to any conscious attempts on that
part of a person or group to influence the direction and the rate of
behaviour towards the accomplishment of organizational goals.
Motivation
should be considered as a principal topic of interest to managers, it
must be treated differently from any other named management function.
Increasing
number of internal and external forces of national and international
compilation, economic, social, technological and governmental conditions
have forced management to develop and acquire new techniques and
mechanisms to maintain levels of organizational efficiency and
effectiveness. This requires the effective utilization of all the
resources of the organization including human and non-human resources.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]This research project tends to examine Motivation, a Technique for Productivity and Efficiency.Survey design was employed with the use of a well structured questionnaire. Respondents were selected based on simple random sampling technique. Sample size of Thirty Five (35) respondents were selected from the staff of the institution.Three hypotheses were formulated and tested with the use of Chi-square analysis. The analysis resulted to rejecting all null hypotheses and hence accepting the three al ... Continue reading---
