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Anti-plasmodial Property Of Moringa Oleifera Seed Extract On Swiss Mice
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Leaves and seed
are the parts of the plant of interest. Accordingly, the spatial
distribution in planting Moringa oleifera trees is designed to
facilitate the relevant harvest and the management practices.
For production of leaves, Moringa oleifera plantation can be designed as follows:
(i)
Intensive production with spacing ranging from 10 cm × 10 cm to 20 cm ×
20 cm, harvest interval between 35 to 45 days, irrigation and
fertilization are needed;
(ii) semintensive production with spacing
about 50 cm × 100 cm, harvest interval between 50 to 60 days, irrigation
and fertilization suggested;
(iii) Integrate in an agroforestry
system with spacing distance of 2–4 m between rows, harvest interval
around 60 days, fertilization and irrigation not strictly necessary.
Production
decreases from intensive production to less dense spacing (agroforestry
system), although a tremendous variability can be observed for a given
spatial distribution and the same cultivation management. For example,
the yield of an intensive plantation can range from 580 to 40 m/ha/year
(Animashaun, 2013), being season dependent with the largest yield in wet
or cold season. There is a need for further studies to assess optimum
spacing and harvest intervals that comply with the different climates
and production systems (Animashaun, 2013). Harvest can be mechanical or
manual. Shoots are cut at a 0.5–1 m height above the ground; but leaves
can be picked directly off the tree; this practice, however, albeit
quicker, leads to a less vigorous re-growth.
For the production of
seed a low density plantation has a positive effect on yields: typically
2.5 × 2.5 m or 3×3 m triangular pattern (Sánchez et al., 2006). Fruits
(trilobite capsule), referred as pods (brown colour and dry and split
longitudinally), ripen about three months after flowering and must be
harvested as soon as possible. Each pod usually contains about 26 1-cm
diameter seed lined by three whitish papery seedlets on the edge. Like
for leaves, also the production of seed shows a tremendous variability. A
single tree can produce from 15.000 to 25.000 seed with an average
weight of 0.3 gr per seed (Ayerza, 2011); moreover early flowering
varieties produce pods in six month, while other varieties require more
than one year. After pruning, branches develop new pods within 6 months
(Paliwal and Sharma, 2011).
2.4.5 Common Uses of Moringa
2.4.5.1 Nutritional
Moringa
leaves and fruit pods are rich sources of calcium and iron, and good
sources of vitamins A, B, and C and of protein including good amounts of
the sulphur-containing amino acids, methionine and cystine (Rams,
2014). Both young and older leaves are edible, though older ones are
milder and tender. They can be cooked in soups or boiled. Young pods may
be also cooked. Immature seed are often cooked and eaten as a fresh
vegetable, while mature seed can be dried and roasted. The flowers can
be cooked or oven-dried and steeped as tea. Dried leaves can be stored
as future soup or sauce supplements (Davis, 2010).
2.4.5.2 Medicinal Uses
M.
oleifera is valued mainly for its tender pods, which are relished as
vegetable but all its parts: bark, root, fruit, flowers, leaves, seed
and even gum - are of medicinal value. They are used in the treatment of
ascites, rheumatism, venomous bites and as cardiac and circulatory
stimulants. Fresh root of the young tree (as also the root bark) is used
internally as stimulant, diuretic and anti-lithic and externally
applied as a plaster or poultice to inflammatory swellings (Donkor,
2016).
2.4.5.3 Seed Oil
Moringa seed contain about 35% oil.
This oil is often extracted for cooking and in rare cases, even
lubrication purposes. It can be used in salads, soap making, and burns
without smoke (Von Maydell, 2016).
The characteristics of M.
oleifera seed oil are especially desirable, because of the current
trends of replacing polyunsaturated vegetable oils with monounsaturated
fatty acids (Abdulkarim et al., 2005). Moreover, the oil has the
capacity to absorb and retain volatile substances and is therefore
valuable in the perfume industry (Foidl et al., 2011).
2.4.5.4 Water purification
Attracting
attention in recent decades is the use of the dried, crushed seed as a
coagulant (Jahn, 1984). Even very muddy water can be cleared when
crushed seed are added. Solid matter and some bacteria will coagulate
and then sink to the bottom of a container. The cleaned water can then
be poured off and boiled (Gupta and Chaudhuri, 2012).
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTMalaria is an increasing worldwide threat, with more than three hundred million infections and one million deaths every year. Due to the emergence of antimalarial drug resistance, the continuous search for antimalarial agents. This study was conducted to determine the antimalarial efficacy of Moringa oleifera Seed extract in Swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei .After extraction, phytochemical screening and gas chromatographic mass spectrometry (GC-MS) screening of the extr ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSContents Title page Certification Dedication Acknowledgements Table of Contents Abstract CHAPTER ONE1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background Study 1.2 Statement of the problem 1.3 Justification 1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study CHAPTER TWO2.0 Literature review 2.1 Definition and history of Malaria 2.1.2 Et ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]A school of thought holds that, the solution to plasmodial resistance
development rests in the use of traditional medicinal plants (Liu et
al., 2010). Several authors have documented medicinal plants that are
used in the treatment of malaria in Ghana and other African countries
(Cox, 2010). The story behind the discovery of the artemisinins, as an
example, seeks to provide a head way in the discovery of bioactive
constituents from medicinal plants for combating malaria (Cox, 2010).
... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]Figure 9: Schematic layout of a GC/MS instrument.The stationary
phase in Gas Chromatography is commonly a packing of inert, small
diameter particles (such as diatomaceous earth) with a nonpolar liquid
coating them, or just a liquid coating on the inner surface of the
column. This liquid is a very thin layer (0.1 to 5 μm), usually a
polydimethyl siloxane (shown below) where some of the –CH3 groups can be
altered so as to match the polarity of the analytes. A parameter common ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 5 ] ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSThis study investigated in-vivo antiplasmodium of Moringa Oleifera seed extract. Related literature review was made considering scholars explanation of the subject matter. Relevant data for the study was generated through laboratory experiments conducted by the researchers. Three hypotheses were postulated and tested for the purpose of the study. The hypotheses were tested in this study using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan Multip ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]ReferencesAbdulkarim, S.M., Long, K., Lai, O.M., Muhammad, S.K.S.and Ghazali, H.M.. (2005). Some physio-chemical properties of Moringa oleifera seed oil extracted using solvent and aqueous enzymatic methods. Food Chemistry. 93:253–263.Abdull Razis, A.F., Ibrahim, M.D. and Kntayya, S.B. (2014). Health benefits of Moringa oleifera. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 15: 8571–8576.Adeyemi, O.S. and Elebiyo, T.C. (2014). Moringa oleifera supplemented diets prevented nickel-induced nephrotoxici ... Continue reading---
