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SUB-CHRONIC EFFECT OF CO-ADMINISTRATION OF METHFORMINE AND AMILODIPINE ON SOME HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL
[A CASE STUDY OF WISTAR RATS] -
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTMetformin, which belongs to the biguanide class, is one of the most generally used oral hypoglycemic agents. It has been used for more than 50 years and was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1994 (American Diabetes Association, 2009) whereas Amlodipine is a long acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, which is used in the treatment of angina to lower the BP (Blood pressure). the aim is to know the effect of co-administration of this two drugs in Wistar rats. To assess the MCV,MCH,MCHC level of experimental animal and that of control group after combined a
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APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIXAPPENDIX 1: MATERIAL USED1% Ammonium oxalate10% Formalin salineAbsorbent paperAutomatic pipetteBrilliant cresyl blueCounting chamber Cyanmethaemoglobin standardDrabkin’s ReagentEDTA sample containerHematoxylin and Eosin stainKhan tubes/rackLeisfhmann stainLight microscopeMicrohaematocrit centrifugeNormal salinePasteur pipettePipette tipsRotary microtomeSpectrophotometerTimer Turk’s solution Universal sample bottle ... Continue Reading
APPENDIX B - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX IITable 1: haematological parameters in control, Metformine treated and Amilodipine treated Rats (Values are expressed as mean ± Standard error of means) Group A(1): control (untreated), Group B(2): co-administration of Metformin 0.00264/ml/132g and Amlodipine 0.000849/ml/132g at a single dose for 30 daysPARAMETERS GROUP A GROUP BPacked cell volume (%) 44.16±2.83 38.47±3.53Red blood cell count (x1012/L) 7.62±0.34 6.53±0.57Haemoglobin (g/dl) 14.46±0.72 12.82±1.31Mean corpusc ... Continue Reading
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 1: Haematological parameters in control, Co-administration of Metformin and Amlodipine treated ... Continue Reading
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Shows mechanism of action of metformin Figure 2: Shows Pie chat representation of Packed cell volume of control, Co-administration of metformin and amlodipine treated Wistar Rats Figure 3: Shows Histogram representation of Hemoglobin and red blood cell count of control, Co-administration of metformin and amlodipine treated Wistar Rats Figure 4: Shows Histogram representation of red cell indicies of control, Co-administration of metformin and amlodipine treated Wistar Rats Figure 5: Shows Histogram representation of platelet and white blo ... Continue Reading
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTTitle page Declaration Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Table of content List of table List of figures Abstract CHAPTER ONE1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background of study 1.2 Statement of Problems 1.3 Justifications 1.4 Aims 1.5 Research Objectives 1.6 Research Hypothesis 1.7 Significance of research CHAPTER TWO2.0 Literature review 2.1 Metformin 2.1.1 Mechanism of metformin 2.1.2 Pharmacological properties of metformin 2.1.3 Side effec ... Continue Reading
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the studyMetformin, which belongs to the biguanide class, is one of the most generally used oral hypoglycemic agents. It has been used for more than 50 years and was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1994 (American Diabetes Association, 2009). Currently, many clinical practice guidelines for patients with type 2 diabetes, including the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), and the Korean Diabetes Association (KDA), recommend that metformin treatment should begin a ... Continue Reading
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 12 ]The current use of serum Vitamin B12 level relies on several different range points for Vitamin B12 status. Serum Vitamin B12 level under 148 pmol/L are said to be deficient, low/borderline levels are interpreted from levels between 148-220 pmol/L (Mazokopakis and Starakis, 2012). Normal ranges of Vitamin B12 serum range from 220- 800 pmol/L, levels that exceed this are rarely suspicious in cause, although excessive B12 serum may be a marker of myloproliferative disorders (Pernicova and Korbonits, 2014). Analysis of biochemical markers of methylmalonic acid (MMA) and total homocysteine (tHcy) ... Continue Reading
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]From the above table,Km of rats= 6 Km of human= 37For Amlodipine, Human dose= 10mg/70kg 1kg=10/70 =0.14mg/kgAED of Amilodipine= 0.14×(6/37) =0.02mg/kgAverage weight of experimental Animal is 132g(0.132kg)If 0.02mg of Amlodipine is administered per kg.bw,(0.02×0.132)mg of Amlodipine was administered to 0.132kg of experimental animals.Therefore, 0.00264mg of Amlodipine was administered once daily.For ... Continue Reading
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0 Results4.1 Hematological parameter in control and test groups As summarized in table 1, the mean RBC counts were 7.62 ± 2.83 x1012/L for the control and 6.53 ± 0.57 x1012/L for co-administration of metformin and amlodipine fed groups respectively. Although, decrease in RBC counts was observed in the treated (co-administration of metformin and amlodipine) dose group, these were statistically significant compared to control groups (student t test P0.05) higher in the treated (co-administration of metformin and amlodipine) dose group (12.28 ± 0.72 x106/L) compared w ... Continue Reading
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 DiscussionMetformin (1,1-dimethylbiguanide) is the most widely used drug to treat type 2 diabetes, and is one of only two oral anti-diabetic drugs on the World Health Organization (WHO) list of essential medicines (American Diabetes Association, 2009). Amlodipine is a long acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, which is used in the treatment of angina to lower the BP. Co-administration of Metformin and Amlodipine have been discovered to lead to vitamin B12 deficiency. Alterations in the blood parameters are considered to be one of the most reliable indicators of toxic ... Continue Reading
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]Senol, M.G., Sonmez, G., Ozdag, F. and Saracoglu, M. (2008). Reversible myelopathy with vitamin B12 deficiency. Singapore Medical Journal. 49(11): 330-332.Srinivasan, S., Ambler, G.R., Baur, L.A., Garnett, S.P. and Tepsa, M. (2006). Randomized, controlled trial of metformin for obesity and insulin resistance in children and adolescents: improvement in body composition and fasting insulin. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 91: 2074-2080. Sterne, J. (1957). Du nouveau dans les antidiabetiques.La NN dimethylamineguanylguanide (N.N.D.G.) (The newantidiabetic NNdimethylamineguanylgu ... Continue Reading
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTMetformin, which belongs to the biguanide class, is one of the most generally used oral hypoglycemic agents. It has been used for more than 50 years and was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1994 (American Diabetes Association, 2009) whereas Amlodipine is a long acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, which is used in the treatment of angina to lower the BP (Blood pressure). the aim is to know the effect of co-administration of this two drugs in Wistar rats. To assess the MCV,MCH,MCHC level of experimental animal and that of control group after combined a
... Continue Reading
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