-
Sub-chronic Effect Of Co-administration Of Methformine And Amilodipine On Some Haematological Indices In Experimental Animal
[A CASE STUDY OF WISTAR RATS]
CHAPTER THREE -- [Total Page(s) 4]
Page 4 of 4
-
-
-
A variety of calculations are performed to produce indices that provide information about RBC disorders. The standard indices are:
I. RBC count: The number of RBCs per unit volume is measured directly and givenin millions per microliter.
II. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): The MCV is measured directly. The unit is a femtoliter (fL) or it can be given as cubic millimetres (mm3). The MCV measures the size of RBCs and is the most important index for classification of anaemia into “macrocytic†with higher than normal MCV and “Microcytic†with low MCV.
III. Hemoglobi (Hgb): The Hgb content is measured directly and given in grams per decilitre (g/dL). This value, along with Hct, Provides the most useful measures of the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
IV. Hematocrit (Hct) in %: The hematocrit also known as packed cell volume (PCV) is a calculated value and provides a measure of the amount of oxygen carrying capacity in relation to blood volume.
V. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) in pg: The MCH is a calculated value and provides a measure of the concentration of Hgb in the cells in g/dl.
VI. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) in g/dl: The MCHC is calculated and provides a measure of the concentration of Hgb in the cells in g/dl.
VII. Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) = standard deviation of MCV: The RDW is calculated to provide a measure of the anisocytosis, or variation in size of the RBCs. (Cheesbrough, 2006)
3.8 Ethical consideration
Ethical approval of the experiment protocol was obtained from the Ethics and research committee of the animal house, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University. All procedures and techniques for the study were in accordance with the National Institute of Health Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. (NIH, Department of Health Services publication No. 83-23, revised 1985).
3.9 Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis was done using SPSS (version 16.0, USA) software package and graphs generated using Excel Spreadsheet Software (Microsoft Office, 2010). The results were expressed as mean ± SD. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to determine variance among the study groups, while least square difference or post hoc test was employed to determine the differences between the means, P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.
CHAPTER THREE -- [Total Page(s) 4]
Page 4 of 4
-
-
ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTMetformin, which belongs to the biguanide class, is one of the most generally used oral hypoglycemic agents. It has been used for more than 50 years and was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1994 (American Diabetes Association, 2009) whereas Amlodipine is a long acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, which is used in the treatment of angina to lower the BP (Blood pressure). the aim is to know the effect of co-administration of this two drugs in Wistar rats ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIXAPPENDIX 1: MATERIAL USED1% Ammonium oxalate10% Formalin salineAbsorbent paperAutomatic pipetteBrilliant cresyl blueCounting chamber Cyanmethaemoglobin standardDrabkin’s ReagentEDTA sample containerHematoxylin and Eosin stainKhan tubes/rackLeisfhmann stainLight microscopeMicrohaematocrit centrifugeNormal salinePasteur pipettePipette tipsRotary microtomeSpectrophotometerTimer Turk’s solution Universal sample bottle ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX B - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX IITable 1: haematological parameters in control, Metformine treated and Amilodipine treated Rats (Values are expressed as mean ± Standard error of means) Group A(1): control (untreated), Group B(2): co-administration of Metformin 0.00264/ml/132g and Amlodipine 0.000849/ml/132g at a single dose for 30 daysPARAMETERS GROUP A GROUP BPacked cell volume (%) 44.16±2.83 38.47±3.53Red blood cell count (x1012/L) 7 ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 1: Haematological parameters in control, Co-administration of Metformin and Amlodipine treated ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Shows mechanism of action of metformin Figure 2: Shows Pie chat representation of Packed cell volume of control, Co-administration of metformin and amlodipine treated Wistar Rats Figure 3: Shows Histogram representation of Hemoglobin and red blood cell count of control, Co-administration of metformin and amlodipine treated Wistar Rats Figure 4: Shows Histogram representation of red cell indicies of control, Co-administration of metformin and amlodipine t ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTTitle page Declaration Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Table of content List of table List of figures Abstract CHAPTER ONE1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background of study 1.2 Statement of Problems 1.3 Justifications 1.4 Aims 1.5 Research Objectives 1.6 Research Hypothesis 1.7 Significance of research CHAPTER TWO2.0 Literature review 2.1 Metformin 2.1.1 ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the studyMetformin, which belongs to the biguanide class, is one of the most generally used oral hypoglycemic agents. It has been used for more than 50 years and was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1994 (American Diabetes Association, 2009). Currently, many clinical practice guidelines for patients with type 2 diabetes, including the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the European Association for the Study of Diabetes ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 12 ]The current use of serum Vitamin B12 level relies on several different range points for Vitamin B12 status. Serum Vitamin B12 level under 148 pmol/L are said to be deficient, low/borderline levels are interpreted from levels between 148-220 pmol/L (Mazokopakis and Starakis, 2012). Normal ranges of Vitamin B12 serum range from 220- 800 pmol/L, levels that exceed this are rarely suspicious in cause, although excessive B12 serum may be a marker of myloproliferative disorders (Pernicova and Korbonit ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0 Results4.1 Hematological parameter in control and test groups As summarized in table 1, the mean RBC counts were 7.62 ± 2.83 x1012/L for the control and 6.53 ± 0.57 x1012/L for co-administration of metformin and amlodipine fed groups respectively. Although, decrease in RBC counts was observed in the treated (co-administration of metformin and amlodipine) dose group, these were statistically significant compared to control groups (student t test P0.05) higher in the tr ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 DiscussionMetformin (1,1-dimethylbiguanide) is the most widely used drug to treat type 2 diabetes, and is one of only two oral anti-diabetic drugs on the World Health Organization (WHO) list of essential medicines (American Diabetes Association, 2009). Amlodipine is a long acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, which is used in the treatment of angina to lower the BP. Co-administration of Metformin and Amlodipine have been discovered to lead to vitamin B12 deficiency. Al ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]Senol, M.G., Sonmez, G., Ozdag, F. and Saracoglu, M. (2008). Reversible myelopathy with vitamin B12 deficiency. Singapore Medical Journal. 49(11): 330-332.Srinivasan, S., Ambler, G.R., Baur, L.A., Garnett, S.P. and Tepsa, M. (2006). Randomized, controlled trial of metformin for obesity and insulin resistance in children and adolescents: improvement in body composition and fasting insulin. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 91: 2074-2080. Sterne, J. (1957). Du nouveau dans les anti ... Continue reading---
